大脑维护和认知储备对三种认知能力与年龄相关下降的影响。
Effects of Brain Maintenance and Cognitive Reserve on Age-Related Decline in Three Cognitive Abilities.
机构信息
Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
出版信息
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2023 Aug 2;78(8):1284-1293. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbad044.
OBJECTIVES
Age-related cognitive changes can be influenced by both brain maintenance (BM), which refers to the relative absence over time of changes in neural resources or neuropathologic changes, and cognitive reserve (CR), which encompasses brain processes that allow for better-than-expected behavioral performance given the degree of life-course-related brain changes. This study evaluated the effects of age, BM, and CR on longitudinal changes over 2 visits, 5 years apart, in 3 cognitive abilities that capture most of age-related variability.
METHODS
Participants included 254 healthy adults aged 20-80 years at recruitment. Potential BM was estimated using whole-brain cortical thickness and white matter mean diffusivity at both visits. Education and intelligence quotient (IQ; estimated with American National Adult Reading Test) were tested as moderating factors for cognitive changes in the 3 cognitive abilities.
RESULTS
Consistent with BM-after accounting for age, sex, and baseline performance-individual differences in the preservation of mean diffusivity and cortical thickness were independently associated with relative preservation in the 3 abilities. Consistent with CR-after accounting for age, sex, baseline performance, and structural brain changes-higher IQ, but not education, was associated with reduced 5-year decline in reasoning (β = 0.387, p = .002), and education was associated with reduced decline in speed (β = 0.237, p = .039).
DISCUSSION
These results demonstrate that both CR and BM can moderate cognitive changes in healthy aging and that the 2 mechanisms can make differential contributions to preserved cognition.
目的
与年龄相关的认知变化可受到脑维持（BM）和认知储备（CR）的影响。BM 是指随着时间的推移，神经资源或神经病理学变化相对缺失；CR 则包含了在与人生历程相关的大脑变化程度下，允许更好的行为表现的大脑过程。本研究评估了年龄、BM 和 CR 对 3 种认知能力的纵向变化的影响，这些认知能力在 2 次随访中相隔 5 年进行测量，涵盖了与年龄相关的大部分变异性。
方法
参与者包括 254 名年龄在 20-80 岁之间的健康成年人，在招募时进行了测试。在两次随访中均测量了全脑皮质厚度和白质平均扩散率，以评估潜在的 BM。教育和智商（通过美国成人阅读测试估计）作为认知变化的调节因素，测试了这 3 种认知能力。
结果
与 BM 一致 - 在考虑年龄、性别和基线表现后 - 平均扩散率和皮质厚度的个体差异与 3 种能力的相对保留独立相关。与 CR 一致 - 在考虑年龄、性别、基线表现和结构脑变化后 - 较高的智商，但不是教育程度，与推理能力的 5 年下降幅度减少有关（β=0.387，p=0.002），而教育程度与速度下降幅度减少有关（β=0.237，p=0.039）。
讨论
这些结果表明，CR 和 BM 都可以调节健康老龄化中的认知变化，并且这两种机制可以对保留认知做出不同的贡献。
Zotero 插件