School of Economics, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China.
College of Environmental Science Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 28;20(5):4346. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054346.
Developing new energy vehicles (NEVs) is necessary to grow the low-carbon vehicle industry. Many concentrated end-of-life (EoL) power batteries will cause large-scale environmental pollution and safety accidents when the time comes to replace the first generation of batteries if improper recycling and disposal methods are utilized. Significant negative externalities will result for the environment and other economic entities. When recycling EoL power batteries, some countries need to solve problems about lower recycling rates, unclear division of echelon utilization scenarios, and incomplete recycling systems. Therefore, this paper first analyzes representative countries' power battery recycling policies and finds out the reasons for the low recycling rate in some countries. It is also found that echelon utilization is the critical link to EoL power battery recycling. Secondly, this paper summarizes the existing recycling models and systems to form a complete closed-loop recycling process from the two stages of consumer recycling and corporate disposal of batteries. The policies and recycling technologies are highly concerned with echelon utilization, but few studies focus on analyzing application scenarios of echelon utilization. Therefore, this paper combines cases to delineate the echelon utilization scenarios clearly. Based on this, the 4R EoL power battery recycling system is proposed, which improves the existing recycling system and can recycle EoL power batteries efficiently. Finally, this paper analyzes the existing policy problems and existing technical challenges. Based on the actual situation and future development trends, we propose development suggestions from the government, enterprises, and consumers to achieve the maximum reused of EoL power batteries.
发展新能源汽车（NEV）对于低碳汽车产业的发展至关重要。如果采用不当的回收和处置方法，第一代电池将面临大规模的环境污染和安全事故风险，届时大量集中报废（EoL）动力蓄电池将产生重大的环境和其他经济实体的负外部性。在回收 EoL 动力蓄电池时，一些国家需要解决回收利用率较低、梯次利用场景划分不明确、回收体系不完善等问题。因此，本文首先分析了具有代表性的国家的动力电池回收政策，找出了一些国家回收利用率较低的原因，发现梯次利用是 EoL 动力蓄电池回收的关键环节。其次，本文总结了现有的回收模式和系统，从消费者回收和企业电池处置两个阶段形成完整的闭环回收流程。政策和回收技术高度关注梯次利用，但很少有研究关注分析梯次利用的应用场景。因此，本文结合案例清晰地描绘了梯次利用场景。在此基础上，提出了 4R EoL 动力蓄电池回收系统，改进了现有的回收系统，能够高效地回收 EoL 动力蓄电池。最后，本文分析了现有政策问题和现有技术挑战。基于实际情况和未来发展趋势，从政府、企业和消费者三个角度提出发展建议，以实现 EoL 动力蓄电池的最大再利用。
