White Lupin Adaptation to Moderately Calcareous Soils: Phenotypic Variation and Genome-Enabled Prediction.

White lupin is a promising high-protein crop, the cultivation of which is limited by a lack of adaptation to soils that are even just mildly calcareous. This study aimed to assess the phenotypic variation, the trait architecture based on a GWAS, and the predictive ability of genome-enabled models for grain yield and contributing traits of a genetically-broad population of 140 lines grown in an autumn-sown environment of Greece (Larissa) and a spring-sown environment of the Netherlands (Ens) that featured moderately calcareous and alkaline soils. We found large genotype × environment interaction and modest or nil genetic correlation for line responses across locations for grain yield, a lime susceptibility score, and other traits, with the exception of individual seed weight and plant height. The GWAS identified significant SNP markers associated with various traits that were markedly inconsistent across locations, while providing direct or indirect evidence for widespread polygenic trait control. Genomic selection proved to be a feasible strategy, owing to a moderate predictive ability for yield and lime susceptibility in Larissa (the site featuring greater lime soil stress). Other supporting results for breeding programs where the identification of a candidate gene for lime tolerance and the high reliability of genome-enabled predictions for individual seed weight.