Cytoprotection of Probiotic with Artificial Nanoshells of Nature-Derived Eggshell Membrane Hydrolysates and Coffee Melanoidins in Single-Cell Nanoencapsulation.

One-step fabrication method for thin films and shells is developed with nature-derived eggshell membrane hydrolysates (ESMHs) and coffee melanoidins (CMs) that have been discarded as food waste. The nature-derived polymeric materials, ESMHs and CMs, prove highly biocompatible with living cells, and the one-step method enables cytocompatible construction of cell-in-shell nanobiohybrid structures. Nanometric ESMH-CM shells are formed on individual probiotic , without any noticeable decrease in viability, and the ESMH-CM shells effectively protected in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The cytoprotection power is further enhanced by Fe-mediated shell augmentation. For example, after 2 h of incubation in SGF, the viability of native is 30%, whereas nanoencapsulated , armed with the Fe-fortified ESMH-CM shells, show 79% in viability. The simple, time-efficient, and easy-to-process method developed in this work would contribute to many technological developments, including microbial biotherapeutics, as well as waste upcycling.