Iber Benedict Terkula, Torsabo Donald, Chik Che, Wahab Fachrul, Abdullah Siti, Abu Hassan Hassimi, Kasan Nor
Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, (Formally Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi), P.M.B.2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
Heliyon. 2023 Feb 22;9(3):e13970. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13970. eCollection 2023 Mar.
Unless better measures are put in place to address the environmental and social impacts emanating from the huge waste generated from sea food processing industries; 'tragedy of the commons' is inevitable. Needless to re-emphasise the enormous contributions of aquaculture as the perfect substitute to capture fisheries which has been proven unsustainable. Be that as it may, the huge amount of bio-waste produced could be transformed into useful products such as chitin and chitosan with far reaching applications. Chitin and chitosan have been consistently processed from many sources following the traditional chemical sequence of Demineralization (DM), Deproteinization (DP), Decolouration (DC) and Deacetylation (DA). In this study, this method was re-ordered, resulting to 4 sequences of chemical processes. HCl, NaOH, ethanol (97%) and NaOH (50%) were used for DM, DP, DC and DA respectively. The results of this study showed that better chitin (23.99 ± 0.61%) and chitosan (15.17 ± 1.69%) yields were obtained from sequence four (SQ4) following the order of DC-DM-DP-DA. In addition, physicochemical properties such as DDA (80.67 ± 2.52%) and solubility (66.43 ± 2.61%) were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in SQ4 thereby making the obtained product suitable for use as coagulant and flocculant in wastewater treatment. Results of FTIR, XRD and SEM of the study proved that the resultant product exhibited the characteristic nature of chitosan with porous and fibril nature. In the analysis of the physical properties of chitosan obtained from bio-waste of , the high Carr's index (CI) and low bulk as well as tapped densities were an indication that the chitosan produced in this study had poor flowability and compressibility, thereby making it unfit for application in pharmaceutical industries.
除非采取更好的措施来应对海产品加工业产生的大量废弃物所带来的环境和社会影响，否则“公地悲剧”将不可避免。无需再次强调水产养殖作为捕捞渔业完美替代品的巨大贡献，捕捞渔业已被证明是不可持续的。即便如此，所产生的大量生物废弃物可以转化为具有广泛应用的有用产品，如几丁质和壳聚糖。几丁质和壳聚糖一直以来都是按照脱矿质（DM）、脱蛋白（DP）、脱色（DC）和脱乙酰化（DA）的传统化学顺序从多种来源加工而成。在本研究中，对该方法进行了重新排序，得到了4种化学工艺顺序。分别使用盐酸、氢氧化钠、97%乙醇和50%氢氧化钠进行脱矿质、脱蛋白、脱色和脱乙酰化。本研究结果表明，按照DC-DM-DP-DA的顺序，在顺序四（SQ4）中获得了更好的几丁质（23.99±0.61%）和壳聚糖（15.17±1.69%）产率。此外，SQ4中的脱乙酰度（80.67±2.52%）和溶解度（66.43±2.61%）等物理化学性质显著更高（p≤0.05），从而使所得产品适合用作废水处理中的凝聚剂和絮凝剂。该研究的傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）结果证明，所得产品具有壳聚糖的特征性质，具有多孔和纤维状性质。在对从[具体来源]生物废弃物中获得的壳聚糖的物理性质分析中，高卡尔指数（CI）以及低堆密度和振实密度表明，本研究中生产的壳聚糖流动性和可压缩性较差，因此不适合在制药行业应用。
