Shaabani Narges, Meira Sabrina Rodrigues, Marcet-Palacios Marcelo, Kulka Marianna
Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2023 Feb 6;6(3):387-398. doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00207. eCollection 2023 Mar 10.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an important intercellular communication conduit for cells that have applications in precision therapy and targeted drug delivery. Small EVs, or exosomes, are a 30-150 nm phospholipid-encased subpopulation of EVs that are particularly difficult to characterize due to their small size and because they are difficult to isolate using conventional methods. In this review, we discuss some recent advances in exosome isolation, purification, and sensing platforms using microfluidics, acoustics, and size exclusion chromatography. We discuss some of the challenges and unanswered questions with respect to understanding exosome size heterogeneity and how modern biosensor technology can be applied to exosome isolation. In addition, we discuss how some advancements in sensing platforms such as colorimetric, fluorescent, electronic, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and Raman spectroscopy may be applied to exosome detection in multiparametric systems. The application of cryogenic electron tomography and microscopy to understanding exosome ultrastructure will become vital as this field progresses. In conclusion, we speculate on some future needs in the exosome research field and how these technologies could be applied.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是细胞间重要的通讯管道，在精准治疗和靶向药物递送方面具有应用价值。小细胞外囊泡，即外泌体，是直径为30 - 150纳米、被磷脂包裹的细胞外囊泡亚群，由于其尺寸小且难以用传统方法分离，因而特别难以表征。在本综述中，我们讨论了利用微流体技术、声学技术和尺寸排阻色谱法在外泌体分离、纯化及传感平台方面的一些最新进展。我们讨论了在理解外泌体大小异质性方面存在的一些挑战和未解决的问题，以及现代生物传感器技术如何应用于外泌体分离。此外，我们还讨论了诸如比色法、荧光法、电子法、表面等离子体共振（SPR）和拉曼光谱等传感平台的一些进展如何应用于多参数系统中的外泌体检测。随着该领域的发展，低温电子断层扫描和显微镜技术在理解外泌体超微结构方面的应用将变得至关重要。总之，我们推测了外泌体研究领域未来的一些需求以及这些技术的应用方式。
