Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Juliana Tuwima 10, PL-10748, Olsztyn, Poland; School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Redox Biol. 2023 Jun;62:102656. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102656. Epub 2023 Mar 11.
Nutrigenomics describes the interaction between nutrients and our genome. Since the origin of our species most of these nutrient-gene communication pathways have not changed. However, our genome experienced over the past 50,000 years a number of evolutionary pressures, which are based on the migration to new environments concerning geography and climate, the transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers including the zoonotic transfer of many pathogenic microbes and the rather recent change of societies to a preferentially sedentary lifestyle and the dominance of Western diet. Human populations responded to these challenges not only by specific anthropometric adaptations, such as skin color and body stature, but also through diversity in dietary intake and different resistance to complex diseases like the metabolic syndrome, cancer and immune disorders. The genetic basis of this adaptation process has been investigated by whole genome genotyping and sequencing including that of DNA extracted from ancient bones. In addition to genomic changes, also the programming of epigenomes in pre- and postnatal phases of life has an important contribution to the response to environmental changes. Thus, insight into the variation of our (epi)genome in the context of our individual's risk for developing complex diseases, helps to understand the evolutionary basis how and why we become ill. This review will discuss the relation of diet, modern environment and our (epi)genome including aspects of redox biology. This has numerous implications for the interpretation of the risks for disease and their prevention.
营养基因组学描述了营养素与我们基因组之间的相互作用。自从我们物种起源以来，这些营养基因通讯途径中的大多数都没有发生变化。然而，我们的基因组在过去的 5 万年中经历了许多进化压力，这些压力是基于地理和气候的新环境迁移、从狩猎采集者到农民的转变，包括许多致病微生物的人畜共患转移，以及最近社会向优先久坐的生活方式和西方饮食的主导地位的转变。人类种群不仅通过特定的人体测量学适应，如肤色和体型，而且通过饮食摄入的多样性和对代谢综合征、癌症和免疫紊乱等复杂疾病的不同抵抗力来应对这些挑战。通过全基因组基因分型和测序，包括从古代骨骼中提取的 DNA 的基因测序，研究了这种适应过程的遗传基础。除了基因组变化外，生命的产前和产后阶段的表观基因组的编程对环境变化的反应也有重要贡献。因此，了解我们的（表观）基因组在个体发生复杂疾病风险方面的变异有助于理解我们生病的原因和方式的进化基础。这篇综述将讨论饮食、现代环境和我们的（表观）基因组之间的关系，包括氧化还原生物学的各个方面。这对解释疾病风险及其预防具有重要意义。
