Boosting wheat functional genomics via an indexed EMS mutant library of KN9204.

A better understanding of wheat functional genomics can improve targeted breeding for better agronomic traits and environmental adaptation. However, the lack of gene-indexed mutants and the low transformation efficiency of wheat limit in-depth gene functional studies and genetic manipulation for breeding. In this study, we created a library for KN9204, a popular wheat variety in northern China, with a reference genome, transcriptome, and epigenome of different tissues, using ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. This library contains a vast developmental diversity of critical tissues and transition stages. Exome capture sequencing of 2090 mutant lines using KN9204 genome-designed probes revealed that 98.79% of coding genes had mutations, and each line had an average of 1383 EMS-type SNPs. We identified new allelic variations for crucial agronomic trait-related genes such as Rht-D1, Q, TaTB1, and WFZP. We tested 100 lines with severe mutations in 80 NAC transcription factors (TFs) under drought and salinity stress and identified 13 lines with altered sensitivity. Further analysis of three lines using transcriptome and chromatin accessibility data revealed hundreds of direct NAC targets with altered transcription patterns under salt or drought stress, including SNAC1, DREB2B, CML16, and ZFP182, factors known to respond to abiotic stress. Thus, we have generated and indexed a KN9204 EMS mutant library that can facilitate functional genomics research and offer resources for genetic manipulation of wheat.