Biomarkers for the severity of periodontal disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea:IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-33.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to compare the salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentrations of five cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-33, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) in patients with OSA and their association with periodontitis.

METHODS

Samples of saliva and GCF were obtained from 84 patients classified into four groups according to periodontal and OSA diagnosis: G1(H) healthy patients, G2(P) periodontitis and non-OSA patients, G3(OSA) OSA and non-periodontitis patients, and G4(P-OSA) periodontitis and OSA patients. The cytokines in the samples were quantified using multiplexed bead immunoassays. Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn's multiple comparisons test, and the Spearman correlation test.

RESULTS

Stage III periodontitis was the highest in patients with severe OSA (69%; 0.0142). Similar levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in saliva were noted in G2(P) and G4(P-OSA). The IL-6, IL-17A and IL-33 levels were higher in the GCF of G4(P-OSA). There was a significant positive correlation between IL-33 in saliva and stage IV periodontitis in G4(P-OSA) (  = 0.531). The cytokine profile of the patients in G4(P-OSA) with spp. had an increase of the cytokine's levels compared to patients who did not have the yeast.

CONCLUSIONS

OSA may increase the risk of developing periodontitis due to increase of IL-1β and IL-6 in saliva and IL-6, IL-17A and IL-33 in GCF that share the activation of the osteoclastogenesis. Those cytokines may be considered as biomarkers of OSA and periodontitis.