Yu Hui-Xin, Ao Cheliger, Wang Xiao-Peng, Zhang Xian-Peng, Sun Jin, Li Hui, Liu Kai-Jun, Wei Lan-Hai
School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Institute of Humanities and Human Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China.
School of Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
Front Genet. 2023 Mar 10;14:1139722. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1139722. eCollection 2023.
Previous studies of archaeology and history suggested that the rise and prosperity of Bronze Age culture in East Asia had made essential contribution to the formation of early state and civilization in this region. However, the impacts in perspective of genetics remain ambiguous. Previous genetic researches indicated the Y-chromosome Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 may be the two most important paternal lineages among the Bronze Age people in ancient northwest China. Here, we investigated the 9,000-years history of haplogroup N1a2a-F1101 with revised phylogenetic tree and spatial autocorrelation analysis. In this study, 229 sequences of N1a2a-F1101 were analyzed. We developed a highly-revised phylogenetic tree with age estimates for N1a2a-F1101. In addition, we also explored the geographical distribution of sub-lineages of N1a2a-F1101, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted for each sub-branch. The initial differentiation location of N1a2a-F1101 and its most closely related branch, N1a2b-P43, a major lineage of Uralic-speaking populations in northern Eurasia, is likely the west part of northeast China. After 4 thousand years of bottleneck effect period, haplgroup N1a2a-F1101 experienced continuous expansion during the Chalcolithic age ( 4.5 kya to 4 kya) and Bronze age (~ 4 kya to 2.5 kya) in northern China. Ancient DNA evidence supported that this haplogroup is the lineage of ruling family of Zhou Dynasty (~ 3 kya-2.2 kya) of ancient China. In general, we proposed that the Bronze Age people in the border area between the eastern Eurasian steppe and northern China not only played a key role in promoting the early state and civilization of China, but also left significant traces in the gene pool of Chinese people.
先前的考古学和历史学研究表明，东亚青铜时代文化的兴起与繁荣对该地区早期国家和文明的形成做出了重要贡献。然而，从遗传学角度来看，其影响仍不明确。先前的基因研究表明，Y染色体Q1a1a-M120和N1a2a-F1101可能是中国古代西北青铜时代人群中两个最重要的父系谱系。在此，我们通过修订系统发育树和空间自相关分析，研究了单倍群N1a2a-F1101的9000年历史。在本研究中，分析了229条N1a2a-F1101序列。我们构建了一个经过高度修订的N1a2a-F1101系统发育树，并进行了年代估计。此外，我们还探讨了N1a2a-F1101亚谱系的地理分布，并对每个亚分支进行了空间自相关分析。N1a2a-F1101及其最密切相关的分支N1a2b-P43（欧亚大陆北部乌拉尔语系人群的主要谱系）的初始分化位置可能在中国东北西部。经过约4000年的瓶颈效应期后，单倍群N1a2a-F1101在中国北方的铜石并用时代（约4500年前至4000年前）和青铜时代（约4000年前至2500年前）经历了持续扩张。古代DNA证据支持该单倍群是中国古代周朝（约3000年前至2200年前）统治家族的谱系。总体而言，我们认为欧亚大陆东部草原与中国北方边境地区的青铜时代人群不仅在中国早期国家和文明的发展中发挥了关键作用，而且在中国人群的基因库中留下了重要痕迹。
