Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Konak, Türkiye.
Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2024 Mar;58(1):338-360. doi: 10.1007/s12124-023-09760-5. Epub 2023 Mar 29.
Reciprocity, regarded as a fundamental psychological phenomenon, may underlie a wide range of interpersonal and intergroup behaviors. Various disciplines such as behavioral economics, anthropology, sociology, and psychology as well documented how reciprocity is a strong determinant of human behavior. On the other hand, less is known about intergroup reciprocity, its functions and consequences as well as the psychological mechanisms through which these effects manifest, remain mostly unknown. In this paper, we propose a model to understand how the reciprocity norm operates in the intergroup contexts, through employing the Personal Norm of Reciprocity model (Perugini et al., 2003) and the Self-Categorization Theory (Turner et al., 1987). We suggest that the conditions that give rise to intergroup reciprocal behavior are ingroup identification, labeling outgroup behavior as a favor or transgression, and the internalization of the reciprocity norm. We also propose that the intergroup outcomes, such as ingroup favoritism, discrimination, collective action, and conflict resolution, might become more understandable when taking into account the reciprocity as an explanatory variable.
互惠被视为一种基本的心理现象，可能是广泛的人际和群体间行为的基础。行为经济学、人类学、社会学和心理学等诸多学科都有记载，表明互惠是人类行为的一个强有力的决定因素。另一方面，人们对群体间互惠、其功能和后果以及这些影响表现出来的心理机制知之甚少。在本文中，我们通过采用互惠规范个人模型（Perugini 等人，2003）和自我分类理论（Turner 等人，1987），提出了一个理解互惠规范在群体间情境中运作的模型。我们认为，导致群体间互惠行为的条件是内群体认同、将群体行为标记为恩惠或侵犯，以及互惠规范的内化。我们还提出，当将互惠作为一个解释变量时，群体间的结果，如内群体偏袒、歧视、集体行动和冲突解决，可能会变得更加容易理解。
