Gaertner L, Insko C A
Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4235, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Jul;79(1):77-94. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77.
H. Tajfel's (1970) minimal group paradigm (MGP) research suggests that social categorization is a sufficient antecedent of ingroup-favoring discrimination. Two experiments examined whether discrimination in the MGP arises from categorization or processes of outcome dependence, that is, ingroup reciprocity and outgroup fear. Experiment 1 unconfounded categorization from outcome dependence. Categorized men discriminated only when dependent on others. Categorized women discriminated regardless of the structure of dependence. Experiment 2 examined dependence on the ingroup versus the outgroup as the locus of male-initiated discrimination. Consistently with an ingroup reciprocity effect, men discriminated when dependent on ingroup, but not outgroup, members. Sex differences are discussed in regard to women's heightened ingroup dependence produced by biological or environmental constraints.
亨利·塔吉菲尔（1970年）的最小群体范式（MGP）研究表明，社会分类是内群体偏爱歧视的一个充分前提。两项实验考察了MGP中的歧视是源于分类还是结果依赖过程，即内群体互惠和外群体恐惧。实验1将分类与结果依赖区分开来。被分类的男性只有在依赖他人时才会产生歧视。被分类的女性无论依赖结构如何都会产生歧视。实验2考察了作为男性发起歧视场所的对内群体与外群体的依赖。与内群体互惠效应一致，男性在依赖内群体成员而非外群体成员时会产生歧视。针对生物学或环境限制导致女性对内群体的依赖性增强这一情况，讨论了性别差异。
