Heydari Romina, Koohi Fatemeh, Rasouli Milad, Rezaei Kimia, Abbasgholinejad Elham, Bekeschus Sander, Doroudian Mohammad
Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 14911-15719, Iran.
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalale-Al-Ahmad Ave, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran.
Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Mar 17;11(3):687. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11030687.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disorder that causes systemic inflammation, autoimmunity, and joint abnormalities that result in permanent disability. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular particles found in mammals (40-100 nm). They are a transporter of lipids, proteins, and genetic material involved in mammalian cell-cell signaling, biological processes, and cell signaling. Exosomes have been identified as playing a role in rheumatoid arthritis-related joint inflammation (RA). Uniquely functioning extracellular vesicles (EVs) are responsible for the transport of autoantigens and mediators between distant cells. In addition, paracrine factors, such as exosomes, modulate the immunomodulatory function of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In addition to transporting genetic information, exosomes convey miRNAs between cells and have been studied as drug delivery vehicles. In animal models, it has been observed that MSCs secrete EVs with immunomodulatory properties, and promising results have been observed in this area. By understanding the diversity of exosomal contents and their corresponding targets, it may be possible to diagnose autoimmune diseases. Exosomes can be employed as diagnostic biomarkers for immunological disorders. We here discuss the most recent findings regarding the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles in rheumatoid arthritis and provide an overview of the evidence pertaining to the biology of exosomes in RA.
类风湿性关节炎（RA）是一种慢性炎症性关节疾病，会引发全身炎症、自身免疫反应以及导致永久性残疾的关节异常。外泌体是在哺乳动物体内发现的纳米级细胞外颗粒（40-100纳米）。它们是参与哺乳动物细胞间信号传导、生物过程和细胞信号传导的脂质、蛋白质和遗传物质的转运体。外泌体已被确定在类风湿性关节炎相关的关节炎症（RA）中发挥作用。独特发挥作用的细胞外囊泡（EVs）负责在远距离细胞之间运输自身抗原和介质。此外，外泌体等旁分泌因子可调节间充质干细胞（MSCs）的免疫调节功能。除了运输遗传信息外，外泌体还在细胞间传递微小RNA（miRNAs），并已作为药物递送载体进行研究。在动物模型中，已观察到间充质干细胞分泌具有免疫调节特性的细胞外囊泡，并且在该领域已观察到有前景的结果。通过了解外泌体内容物的多样性及其相应靶点，有可能诊断自身免疫性疾病。外泌体可作为免疫紊乱的诊断生物标志物。我们在此讨论这些纳米颗粒在类风湿性关节炎中的诊断、预后和治疗潜力的最新发现，并概述与类风湿性关节炎中外泌体生物学相关的证据。
