Current Commonly Used Dynamic Parameters and Monitoring Systems for Perioperative Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy: A Review.

Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) is usually recommended in patients undergoing major surgery and is essential in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. This fluid regimen is usually guided by dynamic hemodynamic parameters and aims to optimize patients' cardiac output to maximize oxygen delivery to their vital organs. While many studies have shown that GDFT benefits patients perioperatively and can decrease postoperative complications, there is no consensus on which dynamic hemodynamic parameters to guide GDFT with. Furthermore, there are many commercialized hemodynamic monitoring systems to measure these dynamic hemodynamic parameters, and each has its pros and cons. This review will discuss and review the commonly used GDFT dynamic hemodynamic parameters and hemodynamic monitoring systems.