Pundir Prachi, Saran Ashrita, White Howard, Subrahmanian Ramya, Adona Jill
Campbell Collaboration Vasant Kunj Delhi India.
Campbell South Asia Vasant Kunj Delhi India.
Campbell Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 20;16(4):e1120. doi: 10.1002/cl2.1120. eCollection 2020 Dec.
More than half of the children in the world experience some form of interpersonal violence every year. As compared with high-income countries, policy responses in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are limited due to resource constraints and paucity of evidence for effective interventions to reduce violence against children in their own contexts, amongst other factors.
The aim of this evidence and gap map (EGM) is to provide an overview of the existing evidence available and to identify gaps in the evidence base on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce violence against children in LMICs. This report covers evidence published in English; a follow-up study is under preparation focusing on evidence in five additional languages-Arabic, Chinese, French, Portuguese and Spanish.
The intervention-outcome framework for this EGM is based on INSPIRE-Seven Strategies for Ending Violence against Children, published by WHO and other partners in 2016. The seven strategies include implementation and enforcement of laws; norms and values, safe environment; parent-child and caregiver support; income and economic strengthening; response and support services; education and life skills. The search included both academic and grey literature available online. We included impact evaluations and systematic reviews that assessed the effectiveness of interventions to reduce interpersonal violence against children (0-18 years) in LMICs (World Bank, 2018b). Interventions targeting subpopulation of parents, teachers and caregivers of 0-18 years' age group were also included. A critical appraisal of all included studies was carried out using standardised tools.
The map includes 152 studies published in English of which 55 are systematic reviews and 97 are impact evaluations. Most studies in the map are from Sub-Saharan Africa. Education and life skills are the most widely populated intervention area of the map followed by income and economic strengthening interventions. Very few studies measure impact on economic and social outcomes, and few conduct cost-analysis.
More studies focusing on low-income and fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCS) and studying and reporting on cost-analysis are required to address gaps in the evidence. Most interventions covered in the literature focused on addressing a wide range of forms of violence and harm, which limited understanding of how and for whom the interventions work in a given context, for specific forms of violence. More impact evaluation studies are required that assess specific forms of violence, gendered effects of interventions and on diverse social groups in a given context, utilising mixed methods.
全球每年超过半数儿童遭受某种形式的人际暴力。与高收入国家相比，低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）由于资源限制以及在其自身环境中缺乏减少针对儿童暴力的有效干预措施的证据等因素，其政策应对措施有限。
本证据与差距图谱（EGM）的目的是概述现有可用证据，并找出关于低收入和中等收入国家减少针对儿童暴力干预措施有效性的证据基础中的差距。本报告涵盖以英文发表的证据；一项后续研究正在筹备中，重点关注阿拉伯语、中文、法语、葡萄牙语和西班牙语这另外五种语言的证据。
本EGM的干预 - 结果框架基于世界卫生组织及其他合作伙伴于2016年发布的《INSPIRE - 终止针对儿童暴力的七项战略》。这七项战略包括法律的实施与执行；规范与价值观、安全环境；亲子及照料者支持；收入与经济强化；应对与支持服务；教育与生活技能。检索包括在线可得的学术文献和灰色文献。我们纳入了评估低收入和中等收入国家（世界银行，2018b）减少针对儿童（0 - 18岁）人际暴力干预措施有效性的影响评估和系统评价。针对0 - 18岁年龄组的父母、教师和照料者亚群体的干预措施也被纳入。使用标准化工具对所有纳入研究进行了批判性评价。
该图谱包括152篇以英文发表的研究，其中55篇是系统评价，97篇是影响评估。图谱中的大多数研究来自撒哈拉以南非洲。教育与生活技能是图谱中干预措施分布最广泛的领域，其次是收入与经济强化干预措施。很少有研究衡量对经济和社会结果的影响，且很少进行成本分析。
需要开展更多关注低收入以及脆弱和受冲突影响地区（FCS）并进行成本分析研究与报告的研究，以填补证据空白。文献中涵盖的大多数干预措施侧重于应对广泛形式的暴力和伤害，这限制了对干预措施在特定背景下针对特定形式暴力如何发挥作用以及对谁发挥作用的理解。需要更多利用混合方法评估特定形式暴力、干预措施的性别影响以及在特定背景下对不同社会群体影响的影响评估研究。
