Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 Apr 26;17(4):e0011296. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011296. eCollection 2023 Apr.
Risk of spillover and spillback of mosquito-borne viruses in the neotropics, including yellow fever, dengue, Zika (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), chikungunya, and Mayaro (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) viruses, is highest at ecotones where humans, monkeys, and mosquitoes coexist. With a view to identifying potential bridge vectors, we investigated changes in mosquito community composition and environmental variables at ground level at distances of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 m from the edge of a rainforest reserve bordering the city of Manaus in the central Brazilian Amazon. During two rainy seasons in 2019 and 2020, we sampled 9,467 mosquitoes at 244 unique sites using BG-Sentinel traps, hand-nets, and Prokopack aspirators. Species richness and diversity were generally higher at 0 m and 500 m than at 1000 m and 2000 m, while mosquito community composition changed considerably between the forest edge and 500 m before stabilizing by 1000 m. Shifts in environmental variables mainly occurred between the edge and 500 m, and the occurrence of key taxa (Aedes albopictus, Ae. scapularis, Limatus durhamii, Psorophora amazonica, Haemagogus, and Sabethes) was associated with one or more of these variables. Sites where Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were detected had significantly higher surrounding mean NDBI (Normalized Difference Built-up Index) values than sites where they were not detected, while the opposite was true for Sabethes mosquitoes. Our findings suggest that major changes in mosquito communities and environmental variables occur within 500 m of the forest edge, where there is high risk for contact with both urban and sylvatic vectors. By 1000 m, conditions stabilize, species diversity decreases, and forest mosquitoes predominate. Environmental variables associated with the occurrence of key taxa may be leveraged to characterize suitable habitat and refine risk models for pathogen spillover and spillback.
在新热带地区（包括黄热病、登革热、寨卡（黄病毒科：黄病毒）、基孔肯雅热和马亚罗（披膜病毒科：甲病毒）病毒），蚊媒病毒（如黄热病、登革热、寨卡、基孔肯雅热和马亚罗病毒）的溢出和回溢风险最高的地方是人类、猴子和蚊子共存的生态交错区。为了确定潜在的桥梁媒介，我们调查了 2019 年和 2020 年两个雨季期间，距离亚马逊中部城市玛瑙斯市的热带雨林保护区边缘 0、500、1000 和 2000 米处地面水平的蚊子群落组成和环境变量的变化。在 244 个独特的地点，我们使用 BG-Sentinel 陷阱、手动网和 Prokopack 吸气器采集了 9467 只蚊子。物种丰富度和多样性通常在 0 米和 500 米处较高，而在 1000 米和 2000 米处较低，而蚊子群落组成在森林边缘和 500 米之间发生了很大变化，在 1000 米处稳定下来。环境变量的变化主要发生在边缘和 500 米之间，关键类群（白纹伊蚊、埃及伊蚊、拉蒂姆杜兰蚊、亚马孙库蚊、疟蚊和萨氏伊蚊）的出现与一个或多个这些变量有关。检测到埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊的地点的周围平均 NDBI（归一化差异建筑指数）值明显高于未检测到它们的地点，而萨氏伊蚊的情况则相反。我们的研究结果表明，在森林边缘 500 米范围内，蚊子群落和环境变量发生了重大变化，与城市和森林媒介接触的风险很高。到 1000 米处，条件稳定，物种多样性下降，森林蚊子占主导地位。与关键类群出现相关的环境变量可用于描述适宜栖息地，并改进病原体溢出和回溢的风险模型。
