Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
Acta Trop. 2020 Jun;206:105441. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105441. Epub 2020 Mar 12.
Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) was recently introduced into the Americas and now has the potential to spill back into a sylvatic cycle in the region, likely involving non-human primates and Aedes, Haemagogus, and Sabethes species mosquitoes. We investigated potential routes of mosquito-borne virus exchange between urban and sylvatic transmission cycles by characterizing mosquito communities in three urban forest parks that receive heavy traffic from both humans and monkeys in Manaus, Brazil. Parks were stratified by both distance from the urban-forest edge (0, 50, 100, and 500 m) and relative Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (low, medium, or high), and mosquitoes were sampled at randomly selected sites within each stratum using BG-Sentinel traps. Additionally, temperature, relative humidity, and other environmental data were collected at each site. A total of 1,172 mosquitoes were collected from 184 sites sampled in 2018, of which 98 sites were resampled in 2019. Using park as the unit of replication (i.e. 3 replicates per sampling stratum), a two-way ANOVA showed no effect of distance or NDVI on the mean number of identified species (P > 0.05 for both comparisons) or on species diversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (P > 0.10 for both comparisons). However, the Morisita overlap index revealed that mosquito communities changed substantially with increasing distance from edge, with communities at 0 m and 500 m being quite distinct. Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti penetrated at least 100 m into the forest, while forest specialists including Haemagogus janthinomys, Sabethes glaucodaemon, and Sa. tridentatus were detected in low numbers within 100 m from the forest edge. Trichoprosopon digitatum and Psorophora amazonica were among the most abundant species collected, and both showed distributions extending from the forest edge to its interior. Our results show overlapping distributions of urban and forest mosquitoes at park edges, which highlights the risk of arbovirus exchange via multiple bridge vectors in Brazilian urban forest parks. These parks may also provide refugia for both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti from mosquito control programs.
寨卡病毒（ZIKV）通过蚊子传播，最近传入美洲，现在有可能重新在该地区的森林中循环，可能涉及非人类灵长类动物以及埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊和萨氏按蚊属的蚊子。我们通过在巴西玛瑙斯的三个城市森林公园中对蚊子群落进行特征描述，研究了城市与森林传播周期之间蚊媒病毒传播的潜在途径，这些公园都有大量人类和猴子的活动。公园按照距离城市-森林边缘的距离（0、50、100 和 500 米）和归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）的相对值（低、中或高）分层，在每个分层内的随机地点使用 BG-Sentinel 陷阱进行蚊子采样。此外，还在每个地点收集温度、相对湿度和其他环境数据。2018 年在 184 个采样点共采集了 1172 只蚊子，其中 98 个点在 2019 年进行了重采样。以公园为重复单位（即每个采样分层 3 个重复），双向方差分析表明，距离或 NDVI 对鉴定物种的平均数量（两种比较的 P 值均大于 0.05）或物种多样性（两种比较的 P 值均大于 0.10）均没有影响。然而，摩里斯重叠指数表明，蚊子群落随着与边缘距离的增加而发生显著变化，0 米和 500 米处的群落差异很大。埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊至少侵入森林 100 米，而 Haemagogus janthinomys、Sabethes glaucodaemon 和 Sa. tridentatus 等森林专家在距离森林边缘 100 米内的数量很少。Trichoprosopon digitatum 和 Psorophora amazonica 是采集到的最丰富的物种之一，它们的分布范围从森林边缘延伸到内部。我们的结果表明，公园边缘存在城市和森林蚊子的重叠分布，这突显了巴西城市森林公园中通过多种桥梁媒介传播虫媒病毒的风险。这些公园也可能为蚊子控制计划中的埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊提供避难所。
