Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Viruses. 2023 Apr 16;15(4):980. doi: 10.3390/v15040980.
Influenza viruses belong to the family with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
流感病毒属于负义、单链、分段 RNA 基因组的病毒家族。它们感染范围广泛的动物，包括人类。从 1918 年到 2009 年，发生了四次流感大流行，造成数百万人死亡。动物流感病毒经常溢出到人类身上，无论中间宿主是否存在，都构成严重的人畜共患病和大流行威胁。当前的 SARS-CoV-2 大流行使人们对动物流感病毒的高风险更加关注，但也突显了野生动物作为大流行病毒库的作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了人类中动物流感病毒的发生情况，并描述了人畜共患流感病毒的潜在混合容器或中间宿主。虽然几种动物流感病毒具有很高的人畜共患病风险（例如，禽流感病毒和猪流感病毒），但其他病毒的人畜共患病潜力较低或可忽略不计（例如，马流感病毒、犬流感病毒、蝙蝠流感病毒和牛流感病毒）。传播可以直接从动物（特别是家禽和猪）传播到人，也可以通过“混合容器”宿主中的重组病毒传播。迄今为止，仅有不到 3000 例经确认的人类感染禽流感病毒和不到 7000 例记录在案的亚临床感染。同样，仅报告了少数几百例由猪流感病毒引起的确诊人类病例。由于猪同时表达了禽类和人类类型的受体，因此猪是产生人畜共患流感病毒的历史混合容器宿主。然而，有许多宿主同时携带这两种类型的受体，可能成为潜在的混合容器宿主。需要高度警惕，以防止下一次由动物流感病毒引起的大流行。
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