Li Huimin, Ren Ruiqi, Bai Wenqing, Li Zhaohe, Zhang Jiayi, Liu Yao, Sun Rui, Wang Fei, Li Dan, Li Chao, Shi Guoqing, Zhou Lei
School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
Vet Sci. 2025 Jul 28;12(8):704. doi: 10.3390/vetsci12080704.
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant risks to occupational populations engaged in poultry farming, livestock handling, and live poultry market operations due to frequent exposure to infected animals and contaminated environments. This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through a comprehensive analysis of viral characteristics, host dynamics, environmental influences, and human behaviors. The main routes of transmission include direct animal contact, respiratory contact during slaughter/milking, and environmental contamination (aerosols, raw milk, shared equipment). Risks increase as the virus adapts between species, survives longer in cold/wet conditions, and spreads through wild bird migration (long-distance transmission) and live bird trade (local transmission). Recommended control measures include integrated animal-human-environment surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, vaccination, and education. These findings underscore the urgent need for global 'One Health' collaboration to assess risk and implement preventive measures against potentially pandemic strains of influenza A viruses, especially in light of undetected mild/asymptomatic cases and incomplete knowledge of viral evolution.
禽流感病毒（AIVs）对从事家禽养殖、家畜处理及活禽市场经营的职业人群构成重大风险，因为他们频繁接触受感染动物和受污染环境。本综述通过对病毒特征、宿主动态、环境影响和人类行为进行全面分析，综合了关于AIV暴露模式和风险因素的证据。主要传播途径包括直接接触动物、屠宰/挤奶过程中的呼吸道接触以及环境污染（气溶胶、生奶、共用设备）。随着病毒在物种间适应、在寒冷/潮湿条件下存活时间延长，并通过野生鸟类迁徙（远距离传播）和活禽贸易（本地传播）扩散，风险会增加。推荐的控制措施包括动物-人类-环境综合监测、严格的生物安全措施、疫苗接种和教育。这些发现强调了全球“同一健康”合作的迫切需要，以评估风险并针对甲型流感病毒潜在大流行毒株实施预防措施，特别是鉴于存在未被发现的轻症/无症状病例以及对病毒进化的了解不完整。
