Pak J Biol Sci. 2023 Jan;26(1):1-14. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.1.14.
The mouth is a vital point of entry into the human body, the health of the mouth entails mental, physical as well as social well-being. Studying diseases, microbiota and environmental conditions of the mouth is important to maintain oral health and all body. The smoke of tobacco cigarettes is one of the worst habits that affect the health of the mouth and the body. Therefore, this review has been conducted to study the effect of smoking on the balance of the oral microbiota and the opportunistic organisms, one of the most important of them <i>Candida</i>. Although a few studies have found that cigarette smoking does not influence carriage by <i>Candida</i> significantly. However, most of the studies had results completely contrary to that, smoking cigarettes affect <i>Candida</i> pathogenic characteristics such as a transition from yeast to hyphal form, biofilm formation and, virulence-related gene expressions. Tobacco is not only an inducer of the transition process but it considers an excellent medium for this process. Furthermore, smoking was significantly associated with <i>Candida</i> pathogenicity in patients with clinically suspected oral leukoplakia and smoking worsens oral candidiasis and dampens epithelial cell defense response. Nicotine significantly altered the composition and proportion of yeast cells, as well as the extracellular polysaccharide amounts which increase biofilm matrix and thickness which could promote oral candidiasis. Smoking has the potential to alter the oral condition and cause severe oxidative stress, thereby damaging the epithelial barrier of the mouth. These oxidative molecules during smoking activate epithelial cells proteins called oxidative stress-sensing proteins. If some of these proteins induced, widely thought to have anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress is thought to be a possible therapeutic objective and a crucial regulator for smoking-related oral diseases and mouth candidiasis for instance leukoplakia. Also, it is transported into the cell nucleus in the existence of additional electrophilic chemicals to activate antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Therefore, smoking cigarettes destroys oral health and consequently destroys the health of the whole body.
口腔是人体的一个重要入口，口腔的健康关系到精神、身体和社会的健康。研究口腔疾病、微生物群和环境条件对于维护口腔健康和全身健康非常重要。吸烟是影响口腔和身体健康的最糟糕习惯之一。因此，进行了这项综述，以研究吸烟对口腔微生物群平衡和机会性病原体的影响，其中最重要的一种是<i>白色念珠菌</i>。虽然有一些研究发现，吸烟不会显著影响<i>白色念珠菌</i>的携带。然而，大多数研究的结果却完全相反，吸烟会影响<i>白色念珠菌</i>的致病性特征，如从酵母到菌丝的转变、生物膜形成和与毒力相关的基因表达。烟草不仅是这种转变过程的诱导剂，而且是这个过程的绝佳媒介。此外，吸烟与临床疑似口腔白斑病患者的<i>白色念珠菌</i>致病性显著相关，吸烟会加重口腔念珠菌病并抑制上皮细胞的防御反应。尼古丁显著改变了酵母细胞的组成和比例，以及增加生物膜基质和厚度的细胞外多糖数量，从而促进口腔念珠菌病。吸烟有改变口腔状况并导致严重氧化应激的潜力，从而损害口腔的上皮屏障。这些在吸烟过程中产生的氧化分子会激活上皮细胞中的蛋白质，称为氧化应激感应蛋白。如果诱导了其中一些蛋白质，人们普遍认为它们具有抗炎特性，抑制促炎细胞因子的分泌，并与炎症和氧化应激有关，这被认为是一种可能的治疗目标，也是与吸烟相关的口腔疾病和口腔念珠菌病（例如白斑）的关键调节因素。此外，它在存在额外的亲电化学物质的情况下进入细胞核，激活抗氧化酶基因的表达。因此，吸烟会破坏口腔健康，进而破坏全身健康。
