Elmahallawy Ehab Kotb, Köster Pamela C, Dashti Alejandro, Alghamdi Samia Qasem, Saleh Amira, Gareh Ahmed, Alrashdi Barakat M, Hernández-Castro Carolina, Bailo Begoña, Lokman Maha S, Hassanen Eman A A, González-Barrio David, Carmena David
Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain.
Front Vet Sci. 2023 Apr 20;10:1139388. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139388. eCollection 2023.
Few studies have investigated the occurrence of microeukaryotic gut parasites in dromedary camels in Egypt, and the majority of these investigations are based on microscopic analysis of fecal material.
Herein, we assessed the occurrence, molecular diversity, and zoonotic potential of protozoan ( spp. and ) and microsporidian () pathogens in individual fecal samples ( = 102) of dromedary camels with ( = 26) and without ( = 76) diarrhea from Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. Other factors possibly associated with an increased risk of infection (geographical origin, sex, age, and physical condition) were also analyzed. The rRNA or ITS genes were targeted by molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) techniques for pathogen detection and species identification.
The most abundant species detected was (3.9%, 4/102; 95% CI: 1.1-9.7), followed by . (2.9%, 3/102; 95% CI: 0.6-8.4). All samples tested negative for the presence of . Sequence analysis data confirmed the presence of zoonotic (66.7%, 2/3) and cattle-adapted (33.3%, 1/3). These isolates, as well as the four -positive isolates, were unable to be amplified at adequate genotyping markers (: ; : , and ). Camels younger than 2 years old were significantly more likely to harbor infections. This connection was not statistically significant, although two of the three cryptosporidiosis cases were detected in camels with diarrhea. The spread of infections was unaffected by any risk variables studied. This is the first report of and in Egyptian camels. The finding of zoonotic has public health implications since camels may function as sources of oocyst pollution in the environment and potentially infect livestock and humans. Although preliminary, this study provides useful baseline data on the epidemiology of diarrhea-causing microeukaryotic parasites in Egypt. Further research is required to confirm and expand our findings in other animal populations and geographical regions of the country.
很少有研究调查埃及单峰骆驼体内微小真核肠道寄生虫的发生情况，并且这些调查大多基于粪便材料的显微镜分析。
在此，我们评估了上埃及阿斯旺省有腹泻（n = 26）和无腹泻（n = 76）的单峰骆驼个体粪便样本（n = 102）中原生动物（贾第虫属和隐孢子虫属）和微孢子虫病原体的发生情况、分子多样性及人畜共患病潜力。还分析了其他可能与感染风险增加相关的因素（地理来源、性别、年龄和身体状况）。通过分子（PCR和桑格测序）技术靶向核糖体RNA或内转录间隔区基因以进行病原体检测和物种鉴定。
检测到的最常见物种是蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（3.9%，4/102；95%置信区间：1.1 - 9.7），其次是微小隐孢子虫（2.9%，3/102；95%置信区间：0.6 - 8.4）。所有样本检测隐孢子虫属均为阴性。序列分析数据证实存在人畜共患的微小隐孢子虫（66.7%，2/3）和适应牛的安氏隐孢子虫（33.3%，1/3）。这些隐孢子虫分离株以及四个贾第虫属阳性分离株，在合适的基因分型标记（贾第虫属：bg、tpi；隐孢子虫属：gp60、18S、ITS）处无法扩增。2岁以下的骆驼感染贾第虫属的可能性显著更高。虽然三例隐孢子虫病病例中有两例在腹泻骆驼中检测到，但这种关联无统计学意义。贾第虫属感染的传播不受所研究的任何风险变量影响。这是埃及骆驼中贾第虫属和隐孢子虫属的首次报告。人畜共患微小隐孢子虫的发现具有公共卫生意义，因为骆驼可能成为环境中卵囊污染的来源，并可能感染家畜和人类。尽管是初步研究，但本研究为埃及引起腹泻的微小真核寄生虫流行病学提供了有用的基线数据。需要进一步研究以在该国其他动物种群和地理区域确认并扩展我们的发现。
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