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利用超级识别者提高法医犯罪识别能力。

Improving forensic perpetrator identification with Super-Recognizers.

机构信息

Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien (Knowledge Media Research Center), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Applied Face Cognition Lab, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

出版信息

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 May 16;120(20):e2220580120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2220580120. Epub 2023 May 9.

Abstract

About a decade ago, Super-Recognizers (SRs) were first described as individuals with exceptional face identity processing abilities. Since then, various tests have been developed or adapted to assess individuals' abilities and identify SRs. The extant literature suggests that SRs may be beneficial in police tasks requiring individual identification. However, in reality, the performance of SRs has never been examined using authentic forensic material. This not only limits the external validity of test procedures used to identify SRs, but also claims concerning their deployment in policing. Here, we report the first-ever investigation of SRs' ability to identify perpetrators using authentic case material. We report the data of 73 SRs and 45 control participants. These include (a) performance on three challenging tests of face identity processing recommended by Ramon (2021) for SR identification; (b) performance for perpetrator identification using four CCTV sequences depicting five perpetrators and police line-ups created for criminal investigation purposes. Our findings demonstrate that the face identity processing tests used here are valid in measuring such abilities and identifying SRs. Moreover, SRs excel at perpetrator identification relative to control participants, with more correct perpetrator identifications, the better their performance across lab tests. These results provide external validity for the recently proposed diagnostic framework and its tests used for SR identification (Ramon, 2021). This study provides the first empirical evidence that SRs identified using these measures can be beneficial for forensic perpetrator identification. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for law enforcement, whose procedures can be improved via a human-centric approach centered around individuals with superior abilities.

摘要

大约十年前,超级识别者(SRs)首次被描述为具有出色面部身份处理能力的个体。此后,已经开发或改编了各种测试来评估个体的能力并识别 SRs。现有文献表明,SRs 在需要个体识别的警察任务中可能会有所帮助。然而,在现实中,从未使用真实法医材料来检验 SRs 的表现。这不仅限制了用于识别 SRs 的测试程序的外部有效性,也限制了有关其在警务中部署的说法。在这里,我们首次调查了 SRs 使用真实案件材料识别犯罪人的能力。我们报告了 73 名 SR 和 45 名对照组参与者的数据。这些数据包括:(a) 在 Ramon(2021)推荐的用于识别 SR 的三项具有挑战性的面部身份处理测试中的表现;(b) 使用四个 CCTV 序列和为刑事调查目的创建的警察列队来进行犯罪者识别的表现。我们的研究结果表明,这里使用的面部身份处理测试在衡量这种能力和识别 SRs 方面是有效的。此外,与对照组参与者相比,SRs 在犯罪者识别方面表现出色,他们在实验室测试中的表现越好,犯罪者识别的正确率就越高。这些结果为最近提出的用于识别 SR 的诊断框架及其测试提供了外部有效性(Ramon,2021)。这项研究提供了第一个经验证据,表明使用这些措施识别的 SRs 可以有助于法医犯罪者识别。我们讨论了对执法部门的理论和实践意义,其程序可以通过以具有卓越能力的个体为中心的以人为中心的方法来得到改善。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/bb54/10193965/ad4759dd70a1/pnas.2220580120fig01.jpg

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