Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India.
Biosensors (Basel). 2023 Apr 19;13(4):488. doi: 10.3390/bios13040488.
Pesticides are often used in different applications, including agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, food industry, etc., for the purpose of controlling insect pests and weeds. The indiscriminate usage of pesticides poses a massive threat to food, environmental, and human health safety. Hence, the fabrication of a sensitive and reliable sensor for the detection of pesticide residues in agro products and environmental samples is a critical subject to be considered. Recently, the graphene family including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been frequently employed in the construction of sensors owing to their biocompatibility, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, and excellent physiochemical, optical, and electrical properties. The integration of biorecognition molecules with GO/rGO nanomaterials offers a promising detection strategy with outstanding repeatability, signal intensity, and low background noise. This review focuses on the latest developments (2018 to 2022) in the different types of GO/rGO-based biosensors, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and electrochemical-based techniques, among other, for pesticide analysis. The critical discussions on the advantages, limitations, and sensing mechanisms of emerging GO/rGO-based biosensors are also highlighted. Additionally, we explore the existing hurdles in GO/rGO-based biosensors, such as handling difficult biological samples, reducing the total cost, and so on. This review also outlines the research gaps and viewpoints for future innovations in GO/rGO-based biosensors for pesticide determination mainly in areas with insufficient resources.
农药通常在农业、林业、水产养殖、食品工业等不同领域中被广泛应用，其目的是控制害虫和杂草。然而，农药的滥用对食品、环境和人类健康安全构成了巨大威胁。因此，开发用于检测农产品和环境样品中农药残留的敏感可靠传感器是一个亟待解决的关键问题。最近，由于其生物相容性、高表面积与体积比，以及优异的物理化学、光学和电学性能，石墨烯家族（包括氧化石墨烯（GO）和还原氧化石墨烯（rGO））经常被用于传感器的构建。将生物识别分子与 GO/rGO 纳米材料集成提供了一种很有前途的检测策略，具有出色的重复性、信号强度和低背景噪声。本综述重点介绍了 2018 年至 2022 年期间不同类型的基于 GO/rGO 的生物传感器的最新发展，如表面等离子体共振（SPR）、荧光共振能量转移（FRET）和电化学等技术，用于农药分析。此外，还讨论了新兴的基于 GO/rGO 的生物传感器的优点、限制和传感机制。还探讨了基于 GO/rGO 的生物传感器中存在的障碍，例如处理困难的生物样品、降低总成本等问题。本文还概述了在资源匮乏地区，用于农药测定的基于 GO/rGO 的生物传感器的研究差距和未来创新观点。
