Saito Hiroshi, Sutton Mark, Zhao Pihong, Lee Sang Don, Magnuson Matthew
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551, United States.
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
Environ Adv. 2020 Sep;1:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100003.
Transport of contaminants from roadways to the environment is well known, although studies of technologies for preventing and managing this appear infrequently in the literature. This paper reviews technologies studied for radiological contaminants. In addition to nuclear facility decommissioning, nuclear power plant accidents at Chernobyl (Former Soviet Union), Fukushima (Japan) and elsewhere have provided real world situations to both develop and test technologies to remediate radiological contamination and to return roadways, along with adjacent vegetation and soil, to prior use. From publications arising from these efforts, technologies were reviewed for radioactive material with two distinct properties (water-soluble and insoluble radioactive contaminants). The reported characteristics and capabilities of technologies are summarized in this review. This review also presents logistical considerations of implementation of the technologies, including waste management which can be an extreme impediment to rapid remediation if generated quantities of hazardous waste exceed local handling capacity. The summarized literature review suggests future avenues of work, chiefly for insoluble particulates, focused on technologies which may be mechanistically applicable to their remediation. While the underlying chemical and physical mechanisms that contribute to transport differ among contaminants, the studies reviewed here might also be applicable to non-radioactive contaminants, because the presence of radioactivity is largely independent of the underlying mechanisms.
污染物从道路向环境的传输是众所周知的，尽管关于预防和管理此类传输技术的研究在文献中并不常见。本文综述了针对放射性污染物所研究的技术。除了核设施退役外，切尔诺贝利（前苏联）、福岛（日本）及其他地方的核电站事故提供了实际案例，用于开发和测试修复放射性污染以及使道路及其周边植被和土壤恢复先前用途的技术。基于这些工作产生的出版物，对具有两种不同特性（水溶性和不溶性放射性污染物）的放射性物质的技术进行了综述。本综述总结了所报道技术的特性和能力。本综述还介绍了技术实施过程中的后勤考虑因素，包括废物管理，如果危险废物产生量超过当地处理能力，这可能成为快速修复的极大障碍。综述文献表明了未来的工作方向，主要针对不溶性颗粒物，重点关注可能在机理上适用于其修复的技术。虽然不同污染物导致传输的潜在化学和物理机制有所不同，但此处综述的研究可能也适用于非放射性污染物，因为放射性的存在在很大程度上与潜在机制无关。
