Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Biosensor Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2023 Aug 1;187:106476. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106476. Epub 2023 May 24.
Melanoma, a malignant form of skin cancer, has been swiftly increasing in recent years. Although there have been significant advancements in clinical treatment underlying a well-understanding of melanoma-susceptible genes and the molecular basis of melanoma pathogenesis, the permanency of response to therapy is frequently constrained by the emergence of acquired resistance and systemic toxicity. Conventional therapies, including surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, have already been used to treat melanoma and are dependent on the cancer stage. Nevertheless, ineffective side effects and the heterogeneity of tumors pose major obstacles to the therapeutic treatment of malignant melanoma through such strategies. In light of this, advanced therapies including nucleic acid therapies (ncRNA, aptamers), suicide gene therapies, and gene therapy using tumor suppressor genes, have lately gained immense attention in the field of cancer treatment. Furthermore, nanomedicine and targeted therapy based on gene editing tools have been applied to the treatment of melanoma as potential cancer treatment approaches nowadays. Indeed, nanovectors enable delivery of the therapeutic agents into the tumor sites by passive or active targeting, improving therapeutic efficiency and minimizing adverse effects. Accordingly, in this review, we summarized the recent findings related to novel targeted therapy methods as well as nanotechnology-based gene systems in melanoma. We also discussed current issues along with potential directions for future research, paving the way for the next-generation of melanoma treatments.
黑色素瘤是一种恶性皮肤癌，近年来发病率迅速上升。尽管人们对易患黑色素瘤的基因和黑色素瘤发病机制的分子基础有了很好的了解，从而在临床治疗方面取得了重大进展，但由于获得性耐药和全身毒性的出现，治疗反应的持久性常常受到限制。传统的治疗方法，包括手术切除、化疗、放疗和免疫疗法，已经被用于治疗黑色素瘤，并取决于癌症的阶段。然而，无效的副作用和肿瘤的异质性使得通过这些策略治疗恶性黑色素瘤的治疗效果受到了很大的阻碍。鉴于此，包括核酸疗法（ncRNA、适体）、自杀基因疗法和肿瘤抑制基因的基因治疗在内的先进疗法最近在癌症治疗领域引起了广泛关注。此外，基于基因编辑工具的纳米医学和靶向治疗已被应用于黑色素瘤的治疗，作为潜在的癌症治疗方法。事实上，纳米载体通过被动或主动靶向将治疗剂递送到肿瘤部位，提高了治疗效率并最小化了不良反应。因此，在这篇综述中，我们总结了与黑色素瘤中新型靶向治疗方法和基于纳米技术的基因系统相关的最新发现。我们还讨论了当前存在的问题以及未来研究的潜在方向，为下一代黑色素瘤治疗铺平了道路。
