Martínez-Santillán Andrés, González-Valdez José
School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
Biomedicines. 2023 May 19;11(5):1487. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11051487.
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles commonly produced by mammalian cells that in recent years have risen as a novel strategy for drug delivery systems and cancer therapy because of their innate specificity and high bioavailability. However, there are limitations that undermine their potential. Among them is the lack of mass production capacity with the current available sources and the failure to reach the intended therapeutic effect because of their insufficient uptake or their rapid clearance once administered. This review aims to show the current advances in overcoming these limitations by presenting, firstly, reported strategies to improve exosome and exosome-like nanovesicle extraction from possible novel eukaryotic sources, including animals, plants, and protozoa; and secondly, alternative modification methods that functionalize exosomes by conferring them higher targeting capacity and protection from organism defenses, which results in an increase in the attachment of ligands and cellular uptake of inorganic materials. However, even when these strategies might address some of the obstacles in their procurement and therapeutic use, there are still several aspects that need to be addressed, so several perspectives of the matter are also presented and analyzed throughout this work.
外泌体是哺乳动物细胞普遍产生的细胞外纳米囊泡，近年来，由于其固有的特异性和高生物利用度，外泌体已成为药物递送系统和癌症治疗的一种新策略。然而，存在一些限制因素削弱了它们的潜力。其中包括目前可用来源缺乏大规模生产能力，以及由于摄取不足或给药后迅速清除而无法达到预期的治疗效果。本综述旨在展示克服这些限制的当前进展，首先介绍已报道的从包括动物、植物和原生动物在内的可能新型真核生物来源中改善外泌体和类外泌体纳米囊泡提取的策略；其次介绍通过赋予外泌体更高的靶向能力和免受机体防御的保护来使其功能化的替代修饰方法，这会导致配体附着增加和无机材料的细胞摄取增加。然而，即使这些策略可能解决了它们在获取和治疗应用中的一些障碍，仍有几个方面需要解决，因此在本研究中也对该问题的几个观点进行了阐述和分析。
