National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, QG, Egypt.
Theranostics. 2023 May 21;13(9):3064-3102. doi: 10.7150/thno.80579. eCollection 2023.
As a novel strategy for visualization tracking and monitoring, carbon dots (CDs) emitting long wavelengths (LW, 600-950 nm) have received tremendous attention due to their deep tissue penetration, low photon scattering, satisfactory contrast resolution and high signal-to-background ratios. Although, the mechanism of CDs emitting LW remains controversial and what properties are best for visualization have not been specifically elucidated, it is more conducive to the application of LW-CDs through rational design and ingenious synthesis based on the appreciation of the luminescence mechanism. Therefore, this review analyzes the current tracer technologies applied and their advantages and disadvantages, with emphasis on the physical mechanism of emitting LW fluorescence for imaging. Subsequently, the general properties and merits of LW-CDs for tracking and imaging are summarized. More importantly, the factors affecting the synthesis of LW-CDs and its luminescence mechanism are highlighted. Simultaneously, the application of LW-CDs for disease diagnosis, integration of diagnosis and therapy are summarized. Finally, the bottlenecks and possible future directions of LW-CDs in visualization tracking and imaging are detailly discussed.
作为可视化跟踪和监测的一种新策略，由于具有深组织穿透性、低光子散射、令人满意的对比度分辨率和高信号背景比，发射长波长（LW，600-950nm）的碳点（CDs）受到了极大的关注。尽管 CDs 发射 LW 的机制仍存在争议，并且尚未具体阐明哪些特性最适合可视化，但基于对发光机制的理解，通过合理的设计和巧妙的合成，更有利于 LW-CDs 的应用。因此，本综述分析了目前应用的示踪技术及其优缺点，重点介绍了用于成像的发射 LW 荧光的物理机制。随后，总结了用于跟踪和成像的 LW-CDs 的一般特性和优点。更重要的是，突出了影响 LW-CDs 合成及其发光机制的因素。同时，总结了 LW-CDs 在疾病诊断、诊断和治疗一体化方面的应用。最后，详细讨论了 LW-CDs 在可视化跟踪和成像中的瓶颈和可能的未来方向。
