Neurotoxicity of the air-borne particles: From molecular events to human diseases.

Exposure to PM is associated with an increased incidence of CNS diseases in humans, as confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies. Animal models have demonstrated that PM exposure can damage brain tissue, neurodevelopmental issues and neurodegenerative diseases. Both animal and human cell models have identified oxidative stress and inflammation as the primary toxic effects of PM exposure. However, understanding how PM modulates neurotoxicity has proven challenging due to its complex and variable composition. This review aims to summarize the detrimental effects of inhaled PM on the CNS and the limited understanding of its underlying mechanism. It also highlights new frontiers in addressing these issues, such as modern laboratory and computational techniques and chemical reductionism tactics. By utilizing these approaches, we aim to fully elucidate the mechanism of PM-induced neurotoxicity, treat associated diseases, and ultimately eliminate pollution.