急需为青少年药物滥用设立基于学校的转移项目：对学校人员的全州范围调查。
An Urgent Need for School-Based Diversion Programs for Adolescent Substance Use: A Statewide Survey of School Personnel.
机构信息
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Office of Youth and Young Adult Services, Boston, Massachusetts.
出版信息
J Adolesc Health. 2023 Sep;73(3):428-436. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.04.006. Epub 2023 Jun 15.
PURPOSE
There has been growing interest in reserving punishment as a last resort to address substance use in schools. However, there is significant variability in adoption of alternative approaches. This study reported school personnel's perceptions of diversion programs, identified characteristics of schools/districts that currently have diversion programs, and defined barriers of implementation of diversion programs.
METHODS
One hundred fifty six school stakeholders from Massachusetts' K-12 schools, including district administrators, principals and vice principals, school resource officers, guidance counselors, and nurses, completed a web-based survey in May-June 2020. Participants were recruited through e-mail distributed via professional listservs, direct school outreach, and community coalitions. The web survey queried beliefs, attitudes, and actions that schools take regarding substance use infractions as well as perceived barriers to implementing diversion programs.
RESULTS
Participants endorsed strong beliefs that punishment was an appropriate school response for student substance use, particularly for nontobacco-related infractions. Despite these personal beliefs, diversion programs were rated as more effective but less commonly used than punitive approaches (37% of respondents reported having diversion programs in their schools/districts vs. 85% used punitive approaches) (p < .03). Punishment was more likely to be used to respond to cannabis, alcohol, and other substances compared to tobacco (p < .02). Primary barriers of implementing diversion programs included funding, staff training, and parental support.
DISCUSSION
Based on school personnel perceptions, these findings lend further support for a transition away from punishment and toward more restorative alternatives. However, barriers to sustainability and equity were identified that warrant consideration when implementing diversion programs.
目的
将惩罚作为解决学校药物滥用问题的最后手段，这一做法越来越受到关注。然而，替代方法的采用存在很大的差异。本研究报告了学校人员对转移方案的看法，确定了目前具有转移方案的学校/地区的特征，并定义了转移方案实施的障碍。
方法
2020 年 5 月至 6 月，来自马萨诸塞州 K-12 学校的 156 名学校利益相关者，包括地区管理人员、校长和副校长、学校资源官员、辅导员和护士，完成了一项基于网络的调查。参与者通过专业名录服务、直接向学校宣传和社区联盟通过电子邮件进行招募。网络调查询问了学校对学生药物滥用违规行为采取的信念、态度和行动，以及实施转移方案的感知障碍。
结果
参与者强烈认同惩罚是学校对学生药物使用的适当反应，特别是对与烟草无关的违规行为。尽管有这些个人信念，但转移方案被认为比惩罚方法更有效，但使用频率更低（37%的受访者报告其学校/地区有转移方案，而 85%的学校使用惩罚方法）（p<0.03）。与烟草相比，更有可能使用惩罚来应对大麻、酒精和其他物质（p<0.02）。实施转移方案的主要障碍包括资金、员工培训和家长支持。
讨论
根据学校人员的看法，这些发现进一步支持了从惩罚向更具修复性的替代方案转变。然而，确定了可持续性和公平性的障碍，在实施转移方案时需要考虑这些障碍。
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