Symptomatic responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the cingulate cortex: Study of a cohort of epileptic patients and literature review.

Our understanding of cingulate cortex function is limited. As a method for locating the epileptogenic zone, direct electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) provides an opportunity to understand the functional localization of the cingulate cortex. This study aimed to learn more about the function of the cingulate cortex by analyzing a large body of data from our center and by reviewing existing literature on cortical mapping. We retrospectively analyzed the ECS data of 124 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who had undergone electrode implantation in the cingulate cortex. The standard stimulation parameters included a biphasic pulse and bipolar stimulation at 50 Hz. Furthermore, we reviewed existing studies on cingulate responses elicited by the ECS and compared them with our results. A total of 329 responses were evoked in 276 contacts using ECS. Of these, 196 were physiological functional responses, which included sensory, affective, autonomic, language, visual, vestibular, and motor responses, along with a few other sensations. Sensory, motor, vestibular, and visual responses were concentrated in the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv). Furthermore, 133 epilepsy-related responses were evoked, most of which were concentrated in the ventral cingulate cortex. No responses were evoked by 498 contacts. Furthermore, the comparison of our ECS results with those reported in 11 comprehensive reviews revealed that the cingulate cortex is involved in complicated functions. The cingulate cortex is involved in sensory, affective, autonomic, language, visual, vestibular, and motor functions. The CSv is an integrating node of sensory, motor, vestibular, and visual systems.