Manganese carbonate nanoparticles-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction for enhanced sonodynamic therapy.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has attracted widespread attention due to its non-invasiveness and deep tissue penetration. However, the development of efficient sonodynamic nanoplatforms to improve the therapeutic efficiency is still one of the main challenges of current research. In this work, a new type of sonosensitizer prepared by a simple method, manganese carbonate nanoparticles (MnCO NPs), is used for enhanced SDT. MnCO NPs could generate large amounts of O and •OH under ultrasound irradiation. At the same time, CO and Mn ions could be released in a weak acid environment due to the excellent degradability of MnCO NPs. The CO bubbles caused cell necrosis by ultrasonic cavitation and used for ultrasound imaging. And Mn ions activated the mitochondrial cell apoptosis pathway. In vivo experiments proved that this sonosensitizer with mitochondrial regulatory capacity showed high tumor inhibition rates for enhanced sonodynamic tumor therapy.