Yaku Keisuke, Nakagawa Takashi
Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Toyama, Japan.
Research Center for Pre-Disease Science; University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2023 Dec;39(16-18):1133-1149. doi: 10.1089/ars.2023.0354. Epub 2023 Aug 4.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) acts as a cofactor in many important biological processes. The administration of NAD precursors increases the intracellular NAD pool and has beneficial effects on physiological changes and diseases associated with aging in various organisms, including rodents and humans. Evidence from preclinical studies demonstrating the beneficial effects of NAD precursors has rapidly increased in the last decade. The results of these studies have prompted the development of clinical trials using NAD precursors, particularly nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). In addition, studies of NAD metabolism have rapidly progressed. Several studies have demonstrated that the oral administration of NAD precursors, such as NR and NMN, is safe and significantly increases NAD levels in humans. However, the efficacy of these NAD precursors is lower than expected from the results of preclinical studies. In addition, the identification of the contribution of the host-gut microbiota interactions to NR and NMN metabolism has added to the complexity of NAD metabolism. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of NAD precursors in humans. Further studies of NAD metabolism are required to optimize the effects of NAD supplementation. There is also a need for methods of delivering NAD precursors to target organs or tissues to increase the outcomes of clinical trials. 39, 1133-1149.
烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）在许多重要的生物学过程中作为一种辅助因子发挥作用。NAD前体的施用会增加细胞内NAD库，并对包括啮齿动物和人类在内的各种生物体中与衰老相关的生理变化和疾病产生有益影响。在过去十年中，临床前研究证明NAD前体有益作用的证据迅速增加。这些研究结果促使开展了使用NAD前体，特别是烟酰胺核糖（NR）和烟酰胺单核苷酸（NMN）的临床试验。此外，对NAD代谢的研究也迅速取得进展。多项研究表明，口服NR和NMN等NAD前体是安全的，并且能显著提高人体中的NAD水平。然而，这些NAD前体的功效低于临床前研究结果的预期。此外，宿主-肠道微生物群相互作用对NR和NMN代谢的贡献的确定增加了NAD代谢的复杂性。需要进一步研究以确定NAD前体在人体中的功效。需要对NAD代谢进行进一步研究以优化NAD补充的效果。还需要将NAD前体递送至靶器官或组织的方法，以提高临床试验的效果。39, 1133 - 1149。
