The Role of NAD Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms and Prospects.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a promising anti-aging molecule that plays a role in cellular energy metabolism and maintains redox homeostasis. Additionally, NAD is involved in regulating deacetylases, DNA repair enzymes, inflammation, and epigenetics, making it indispensable in maintaining the basic functions of cells. Research on NAD has become a hotspot, particularly regarding its potential in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Many studies have demonstrated that NAD plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of CVD. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and consumption of NAD, along with its precursors and their effects on raising NAD levels. We also discuss new mechanisms of NAD regulation in cardiovascular risk factors and its effects of NAD on atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, heart failure, hypertension, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy, elucidating different mechanisms and potential treatments. NAD-centered therapy holds promising advantages and prospects in the field of CVD.