Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Mar;202(3):811-823. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03717-w. Epub 2023 Jun 22.
Welding fumes have an important role to create the adverse health effects. So, the aim of this study was to use of multiple occupational health risk assessment models for metal fumes in welding process. This cross-sectional study was conducted among welding workers. Sampling of heavy metals such as Sn, Zn, Al, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, and As was provided based on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 7300 and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Risk assessment was managed by four methods including Malaysia's method, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Essentials (COSHH model), Chinese OHRA standard (GBZ/T 298-2017), and EPA method. Also, Monte Carlo simulation was used to examine the uncertainties by using the Crystal Ball tool. To compare the models, the risk levels of each model were converted into the risk ratio and the SPSS 22.0 software was used to the statistical analysis. The consistency of the two occupational health risk assessment models was examined by Cohen's Kappa. Risk ration was the highest level for Cr (VI) fumes in all models. Also, carcinogenic risk was unacceptable for all examined fumes. Moreover, non-carcinogenic risk was the highest (HI > 1) for As fumes. Mont Carlo simulations suggested that exposure time (ET) had a significant effect on the risk. Also, there was a good consistency between Malaysia method/GBZ/T 298-2017 and COSHH model/GBZ/T 298-2017. Therefore, it is recommended that the engineering and administrative controls should be provided to reduce exposure.
焊接烟尘在产生不良健康影响方面起着重要作用。因此，本研究旨在使用多种职业健康风险评估模型来评估焊接过程中的金属烟尘。本横断面研究在焊接工人中进行。根据美国国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）方法 7300 对锡、锌、铝、铁、镉、铅、铜、锰、镍、铬和砷等重金属进行采样，并通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）进行分析。风险评估由四种方法管理，包括马来西亚方法、有害物质控制的基本要素（COSHH 模型）、中国 OHRA 标准（GBZ/T 298-2017）和美国环保署方法。此外，还使用 Crystal Ball 工具通过蒙特卡罗模拟来检查不确定性。为了比较模型，将每个模型的风险水平转换为风险比，并使用 SPSS 22.0 软件进行统计分析。通过 Cohen's Kappa 检验检查了两种职业健康风险评估模型的一致性。所有模型中，Cr（VI）烟尘的风险比最高。此外，所有检查的烟尘致癌风险均不可接受。此外，As 烟尘的非致癌风险最高（HI>1）。蒙特卡罗模拟表明，暴露时间（ET）对风险有显著影响。此外，马来西亚方法/GBZ/T 298-2017 与 COSHH 模型/GBZ/T 298-2017 之间存在良好的一致性。因此，建议提供工程和管理控制措施来减少暴露。
