Huete Samuel G, Benaroudj Nadia
Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Spirochètes, CNRS UMR 6047, F-75015 Paris, France.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Jun 14;12(6):1273. doi: 10.3390/antiox12061273.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are byproducts of oxygen metabolism produced by virtually all organisms living in an oxic environment. ROS are also produced by phagocytic cells in response to microorganism invasion. These highly reactive molecules can damage cellular constituents (proteins, DNA, and lipids) and exhibit antimicrobial activities when present in sufficient amount. Consequently, microorganisms have evolved defense mechanisms to counteract ROS-induced oxidative damage. are diderm bacteria form the phylum. This genus is diverse, encompassing both free-living non-pathogenic bacteria as well as pathogenic species responsible for leptospirosis, a widespread zoonotic disease. All leptospires are exposed to ROS in the environment, but only pathogenic species are well-equipped to sustain the oxidative stress encountered inside their hosts during infection. Importantly, this ability plays a pivotal role in virulence. In this review, we describe the ROS encountered by in their different ecological niches and outline the repertoire of defense mechanisms identified so far in these bacteria to scavenge deadly ROS. We also review the mechanisms controlling the expression of these antioxidants systems and recent advances in understanding the contribution of Peroxide Stress Regulators in adaptation to oxidative stress.
活性氧（ROS）是几乎所有生活在有氧环境中的生物体进行氧代谢产生的副产物。吞噬细胞在响应微生物入侵时也会产生ROS。这些高活性分子会损伤细胞成分（蛋白质、DNA和脂质），当数量足够时还具有抗菌活性。因此，微生物进化出了防御机制来对抗ROS诱导的氧化损伤。双膜细菌属于这个门。这个属种类多样，包括自由生活的非致病细菌以及导致钩端螺旋体病（一种广泛传播的人畜共患病）的致病菌种。所有钩端螺旋体在环境中都会接触到ROS，但只有致病菌种具备良好的装备来承受感染期间在宿主体内遇到的氧化应激。重要的是，这种能力在其毒力中起着关键作用。在这篇综述中，我们描述了钩端螺旋体在其不同生态位中遇到的ROS，并概述了迄今为止在这些细菌中鉴定出的清除致命ROS的防御机制库。我们还回顾了控制这些抗氧化系统表达的机制以及在理解过氧化物应激调节因子在钩端螺旋体适应氧化应激中的作用方面的最新进展。
