Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 15;24(12):10203. doi: 10.3390/ijms241210203.
One of the most common and deadly types of pancreatic cancer (PC) is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with most patients succumbing to the disease within one year of diagnosis. Current detection strategies do not address asymptomatic PC; therefore, patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when curative treatment is often no longer possible. In order to detect PC in asymptomatic patients earlier, the risk factors that could serve as reliable markers need to be examined. Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a significant risk factor for this malignancy and can be both a cause and consequence of PC. Typically, DM caused by PC is known as new-onset, pancreatogenic, pancreoprivic, or pancreatic cancer-related diabetes (PCRD). Although PCRD is quite distinct from type 2 DM (T2DM), there are currently no biomarkers that differentiate PCRD from T2DM. To identify such biomarkers, a better understanding of the mechanisms mediating PCRD is essential. To this end, there has been a growing research interest in recent years to elucidate the role of tumour-derived exosomes and their cargo in the pathogenesis of PCRD. Exosomes derived from tumours can be recognized for their specificity because they reflect the characteristics of their parent cells and are important in intercellular communication. Their cargo consists of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can be transferred to and alter the behaviour of recipient cells. This review provides a concise overview of current knowledge regarding tumour-derived exosomes and their cargo in PCRD and discusses the potential areas worthy of further study.
一种最常见和致命的胰腺癌（PC）类型是胰腺导管腺癌（PDAC），大多数患者在诊断后一年内死于该疾病。目前的检测策略无法解决无症状 PC；因此，当通常无法进行治愈性治疗时，患者被诊断为晚期。为了更早地在无症状患者中检测出 PC，需要检查可以作为可靠标志物的风险因素。糖尿病（DM）是这种恶性肿瘤的一个重要危险因素，它既可以是 PC 的原因，也可以是其结果。通常，由 PC 引起的 DM 被称为新发、胰源性、胰性或与胰腺癌相关的糖尿病（PCRD）。尽管 PCRD 与 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）有很大不同，但目前尚无区分 PCRD 与 T2DM 的生物标志物。为了确定这些生物标志物，必须更好地了解介导 PCRD 的机制。为此，近年来人们对阐明肿瘤来源的外泌体及其货物在 PCRD 发病机制中的作用产生了越来越大的研究兴趣。肿瘤来源的外泌体因其特异性而被识别，因为它们反映了其母细胞的特征，并且在细胞间通讯中很重要。它们的货物由蛋白质、脂质和核酸组成，可以被转移并改变受体细胞的行为。这篇综述简要概述了目前关于 PCRD 中肿瘤衍生外泌体及其货物的知识，并讨论了值得进一步研究的潜在领域。
