Rodrigues Liliana, Pinho Ana R, Carneiro Nuno Santos, Nogueira Conceição
Center for Psychology at the University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Institute of Social Services of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Front Sociol. 2023 Jun 14;8:1172471. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1172471. eCollection 2023.
A human right paradigm has been challenging the biomedical perspectives that tend to be normalized in the Western context concerning the lives of trans people. The aim of this study is to understand how trans people in Portugal and Brazil perceive the (non-)recognition of their socio-cultural, economic and political rights. Specifically, the study intends to know in what extent these perceptions influence the processes of identity (de)construction. For this purpose, 35 semi-structured interviews were conducted with people self-identified as trans, transsexuals and transvestites in Brazil and Portugal. The narratives of the participants were analyzed according to the thematic analysis method and the following six main themes emerged: (i) Who are the rights for; (ii) Types of rights; (iii) Paradigm of distribution of rights; (iv) Local or global rights; (v) Non-recognition of the "human"; and, (vi) Transphobias (and cissexism). The results allowed the knowledge of rights and the non-recognition of the "human" which is the central organizer of the analysis. Among the main conclusions of this study, we emphasize the circumscription of rights to certain international, regional and/or national contexts; the existence of local instead of global rights, since they are influenced by regional and international law, but they depend on the legislation in force in each country; and the way human rights can also be understood as a platform of invisibility and exclusion of other people. Based on a commitment to social transformation, this article also contributes to rethinking the violence that is exercised on trans people as a continuum, whether through 'normalizing devices' by medical contexts, family contexts, public space, or even through internalized transphobia. Social structures produce and sustain transphobias and, simultaneously, are responsible for fighting them by changing the paradigm about the conception of transsexualities.
一种人权范式一直在挑战生物医学视角，这种视角在西方背景下往往将跨性别者的生活常态化。本研究的目的是了解葡萄牙和巴西的跨性别者如何看待他们的社会文化、经济和政治权利（未）得到承认。具体而言，该研究旨在了解这些认知在多大程度上影响身份（去）建构过程。为此，对巴西和葡萄牙35名自我认定为跨性别者、变性者和易装者的人进行了半结构化访谈。根据主题分析方法对参与者的叙述进行了分析，出现了以下六个主要主题：（i）权利是为谁的；（ii）权利类型；（iii）权利分配范式；（iv）地方权利还是全球权利；（v）“人”的不被承认；以及（vi）恐跨症（和顺性别歧视）。研究结果有助于了解权利以及对“人”的不被承认，这是分析的核心组织内容。在本研究的主要结论中，我们强调权利局限于某些国际、区域和/或国家背景；存在地方权利而非全球权利，因为它们受区域和国际法影响，但取决于每个国家现行的立法；以及人权也可被理解为一种使他人隐形和被排斥的平台的方式。基于对社会变革的承诺，本文还有助于重新思考针对跨性别者实施的暴力是一个连续体，无论是通过医疗环境、家庭环境、公共空间中的“常态化手段”，还是甚至通过内化的恐跨症。社会结构产生并维持恐跨症，同时也有责任通过改变关于变性观念的范式来与之作斗争。
