In-depth urinary and exosome proteome profiling analysis identifies novel biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Monitoring the early diagnostic period and disease progression plays a crucial role in treating DKD. In this study, to comprehensively elucidate the molecular characteristics of urinary proteins and urinary exosome proteins in type 2 DKD, we performed large-scale urinary proteomics (n=144) and urinary exosome proteomics (n=44) analyses on T2DM patients with albuminuria in varying degrees. The dynamics analysis of the urinary and exosome proteomes in our study provides a valuable resource for discovering potential urinary biomarkers in patients with DKD. A series of potential biomarkers, such as SERPINA1 and transferrin (TF), were detected and validated to be used for DKD diagnosis or disease monitoring. The results of our study comprehensively elucidated the changes in the urinary proteome and revealed several potential biomarkers reflecting the progression of DKD, which provide a reference for DKD biomarker screening.