Asfaw Tsegahun, Genetu Deribew, Shenkute Demissew, Shenkutie Tassew Tefera, Amare Yosef Eshetie, Habteweld Habtemariam Alekaw, Yitayew Berhanu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Infect Drug Resist. 2023 Jul 3;16:4297-4309. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S418793. eCollection 2023.
Bacterial contamination of milk is a primary culprit for causing foodborne illnesses, presenting a significant health hazard for millions of individuals around the globe. The level and variety of microorganisms present in raw milk determine its degree of contamination and the potential health risks it poses.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to August. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and hygiene practices from milk distributors and traders. Raw milk, yoghurt, swabs from milk containers and drinking cups were collected and processed for bacterial isolation and identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, MDR screening and confirmation, ESBL screening and confirmation. Finally, all data were pooled and analyzed using SPSS software version 25.
A total of 120 samples of fresh milk, yogurt and cotton swabs from milk containers and cups were collected. A total of 80 bacterial isolates were isolated from 120 samples. Among the bacteria isolated, 17 (21.3%), 17 (21.3%), 14 (17.5%), spp. 9 (11.3%) and spp. 7 (8.8%) were detected most often. High rate of contamination was observed in fresh milk 23 (28.8%) and yogurt 23 (28.8%). All isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested. Comparatively, high rates of resistance were observed in all isolates to the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in Ethiopia. However, lower rates of resistance have been observed for recently introduced antibiotics in Ethiopia. Of the isolates, 20 (25.0%) were resistant to eight or more antibiotics. While 16 (20.0%), 12 (15.0%), 9 (11.3%) isolates were resistant to two, three and five antibiotics, respectively. Of the bacteria isolated, 52/80 (65.0%) were MDR, 25/49 (51.0%) were screened for ESBL production, and 20/49 (40.8%) isolates were confirmed as ESBL producer.
This study showed a high rate of bacterial isolates along with MDR and ESBL-producing strains in raw milk, yoghurt, milk container swabs and drinking cup swab samples, associated with poor hygiene and sanitation practices.
牛奶的细菌污染是导致食源性疾病的主要原因，对全球数百万人的健康构成重大危害。生牛奶中存在的微生物水平和种类决定了其污染程度以及所带来的潜在健康风险。
于2月至8月进行了一项横断面调查。使用问卷调查从牛奶经销商和贸易商处收集社会人口统计学特征和卫生习惯数据。收集生牛奶、酸奶、牛奶容器和饮水杯的拭子，并进行细菌分离和鉴定、抗生素敏感性测试、多重耐药性筛查和确认、超广谱β-内酰胺酶筛查和确认。最后，使用SPSS 25版软件汇总并分析所有数据。
共收集了120份新鲜牛奶、酸奶以及牛奶容器和杯子的棉拭子样本。从120个样本中总共分离出80株细菌。在分离出的细菌中，最常检测到的有17株（21.3%）、17株（21.3%）、14株（17.5%）、9株（11.3%）和7株（8.8%）。新鲜牛奶（23份，28.8%）和酸奶（23份，28.8%）的污染率较高。所有分离株对至少一种测试抗生素耐药。相比之下，在埃塞俄比亚，所有分离株对最常用的抗生素耐药率较高。然而，埃塞俄比亚最近引入的抗生素耐药率较低。在分离株中，20株（25.0%）对八种或更多种抗生素耐药。而分别有16株（20.0%）、12株（15.0%）、9株（11.3%）分离株对两种、三种和五种抗生素耐药。在分离出的细菌中，52/80（65.0%）为多重耐药菌，25/49（51.0%）进行了超广谱β-内酰胺酶产生的筛查，20/49（40.8%）分离株被确认为超广谱β-内酰胺酶产生菌。
本研究表明，生牛奶、酸奶、牛奶容器拭子和饮水杯拭子样本中细菌分离株以及多重耐药和产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的比例较高，这与卫生和环境卫生习惯不良有关。
