Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2023 Sep-Oct;99:107287. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107287. Epub 2023 Jul 10.
Many studies have examined changes in marijuana use across adolescence, but few have examined factors associated with transitions from adolescence to young adulthood. We examined prenatal exposures to alcohol and marijuana and adolescent risk and protective factors that best distinguished among abstinence, continuity, or cessation of marijuana use from 16 to 22 years.
Data were from the Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project at the prenatal and 16- and 22-year follow-up phases. The offspring were of lower socioeconomic status with an average of 12.8 years of education at 22 years. Participants' frequency and quantity of marijuana use over the past year were used to determine change in use. A discriminant analysis was applied to distinguish among the identified groups. The risk factors considered included prenatal substance exposures and age 16 demographics, behavior, and home environment.
Four categories of transitions were defined based on marijuana use from 16 to 22 years: non-users (n = 193), stop/decrease (n = 81), continue at same level/increase (n = 125), and initiation after the 16-year phase (n = 122). The factors that best distinguished among these groups were peers' marijuana use, delinquency, caregivers' financial strain, prenatal exposure to alcohol and marijuana, and race.
Prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure were significantly related to transitions of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood, controlling for peers' use, behavior problems, and home environment. While gestational marijuana exposure was associated with early initiation/increasing use, alcohol exposure was related to later initiation. The findings emphasize the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol and marijuana.
许多研究都考察了青少年时期大麻使用的变化情况，但很少有研究考察与从青少年到成年早期的转变相关的因素。我们研究了产前接触酒精和大麻以及青少年风险和保护因素，这些因素可以最好地区分从 16 岁到 22 岁期间的戒断、持续或停止使用大麻。
数据来自产前以及 16 岁和 22 岁随访阶段的母婴健康实践和儿童发展项目。这些后代来自社会经济地位较低的家庭，平均在 22 岁时接受了 12.8 年的教育。参与者过去一年的大麻使用频率和数量用于确定使用的变化。应用判别分析来区分所确定的组。考虑的风险因素包括产前物质暴露以及 16 岁时的人口统计学、行为和家庭环境。
根据 16 岁至 22 岁期间的大麻使用情况，确定了四种转变类别：非使用者（n=193）、停止/减少（n=81）、继续保持相同水平/增加（n=125）和 16 岁阶段后开始使用（n=122）。最好区分这些组的因素是同伴的大麻使用、犯罪行为、照顾者的经济压力、产前接触酒精和大麻以及种族。
控制同伴使用、行为问题和家庭环境因素后，产前酒精和大麻暴露与青少年到成年早期大麻使用的转变显著相关。虽然妊娠期大麻暴露与早期开始/增加使用相关，但酒精暴露与后期开始相关。这些发现强调了产前暴露于酒精和大麻的长期影响。
