Yu Xide, Liu Jiafan, Lin Yaohui, Chen Xianli, Lu Cheng
Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
School of Medicine, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China.
Front Psychol. 2023 Jun 28;14:1180863. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180863. eCollection 2023.
The experience of time passing (ETP) is also the consciousness of the progress of life. ETP contributes to time regulation and life management, which basically conforms to the metacognitive theory. Also, the traditional Chinese cultural approach to time emphasizes ETP. It is an indispensable part of Chinese education and culture to strengthen one's appreciation of time by emphasizing the passage of time. In combination with the above two points, ETP equals metacognitive experience of time passing (METP) to a certain extent. However, we currently know little about the connotations of METP. To better understand traditional Chinese time culture, and referring to the concept of metacognition and model of time experience as proposed by Western scholars, the current study combined the results of open and semi-structured interviews, to explore the structure of METP in Chinese college students and developed a questionnaire with which to measure it. Using convenience sampling, 2,876 college students were recruited, the interview, and the reliability and validity tests were carried out. Five hundred and seventy-nine college students were tested a second time to investigate the correlation validity between METP and Ruminative Responses, time attitude, and meaning in life. The results led to the development of the METP Scale which contains 15 items and assesses two factors: ruminative and emotional experience of time passing. The two-factor model was well fitted, and invariable in measurements across gender, grade, and major. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale and its two factors ranged from 0.82 to 0.89, the half-point reliability between 0.76 and 0.88, and the retest reliability ranged from 0.77 to 0.78. METP Scale has good correlation validity, meanwhile, the results of regression analysis showed that symptom rumination, positive past, negative present, positive future, and searching for meaning in life significantly predict the intensity of METP.
时间流逝体验（ETP）也是对生命进程的意识。ETP有助于时间调节和生活管理，这基本符合元认知理论。此外，中国传统文化中对时间的认知方式也强调ETP。通过强调时间的流逝来增强对时间的感知，这是中国教育和文化中不可或缺的一部分。结合以上两点，ETP在一定程度上等同于时间流逝的元认知体验（METP）。然而，我们目前对METP的内涵知之甚少。为了更好地理解中国传统时间文化，并参考西方学者提出的元认知概念和时间体验模型，本研究结合开放式和半结构式访谈的结果，探索中国大学生METP的结构，并开发了一个用于测量它的问卷。采用便利抽样法，招募了2876名大学生，进行了访谈以及信效度检验。对579名大学生进行了第二次测试，以考察METP与沉思反应、时间态度和生命意义之间的相关效度。结果形成了包含15个项目的METP量表，该量表评估两个因素：时间流逝的沉思体验和情绪体验。两因素模型拟合良好，在性别、年级和专业的测量中具有不变性。量表及其两个因素的内部一致性系数在0.82至0.89之间，折半信度在0.76至0.88之间，重测信度在0.77至0.78之间。METP量表具有良好的相关效度，同时，回归分析结果表明，症状沉思、积极的过去、消极的现在、积极的未来以及对生命意义的探寻显著预测了METP的强度。
