Kwong Keith Wai-Yeung, Xin Ying, Lai Nelson Cheuk-Yin, Sung Johnny Chun-Chau, Wu Kam-Chau, Hamied Yusuf Khwaja, Sze Eric Tung-Po, Lam Dominic Man-Kit
Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China.
Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China.
Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Jul 12;11(7):1232. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11071232.
Oral vaccines are gaining more attention due to their ease of administration, lower invasiveness, generally greater safety, and lower cost than injectable vaccines. This review introduces certified oral vaccines for adenovirus, recombinant protein-based, and transgenic plant-based oral vaccines, and their mechanisms for inducing an immune response. Procedures for regulatory approval and clinical trials of injectable and oral vaccines are also covered. Challenges such as instability and reduced efficacy in low-income countries associated with oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments, such as Bacillus-subtilis-based and nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines.
口服疫苗因其易于给药、侵入性较低、总体安全性较高以及成本低于注射用疫苗而受到越来越多的关注。本综述介绍了用于腺病毒的认证口服疫苗、基于重组蛋白的口服疫苗和基于转基因植物的口服疫苗，以及它们诱导免疫反应的机制。还涵盖了注射用疫苗和口服疫苗的监管批准程序和临床试验程序。讨论了与口服疫苗相关的挑战，如在低收入国家的不稳定性和效力降低，以及最近的进展，如基于枯草芽孢杆菌和基于纳米颗粒的递送系统，它们有可能提高口服疫苗的有效性。
