Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Department of Ophthalmology, ShangjinNanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China.
Front Immunol. 2023 Jul 17;14:1202704. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202704. eCollection 2023.
Exosomes are membrane-bound tiny particles that are released by all live cells that contain multiple signal molecules and extensively participate in numerous normal physical activities and pathologies. In glaucoma, the crucial role of exosome-based crosstalk has been primarily revealed in animal models and cell studies in the recent decade. In the aqueous drainage system, exosomes derived from non-pigment ciliary epithelium act in an endocrine manner and specifically regulate the function of the trabecular meshwork to cope with persistent oxidative stress challenges. In the retina, a more complicated regulatory network among microglia, retinal neurons, retinal ganglial cells, retinal pigment epithelium, and other immune effector cells by exosomes are responsible for the elaborate modulation of tissue homeostasis under physical state and the widespread propagation of neuroinflammation and its consequent neurodegeneration in glaucoma pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that exosome-based crosstalk depends on numerous factors, including the specific cargos they carried (particularly micro RNA), concentration, size, and ionization potentials, which largely remain elusive. In this narrative review, we summarize the latest research focus of exosome-based crosstalk in glaucoma pathogenesis, the current research progress of exosome-based therapy for glaucoma and provide in-depth perspectives on its current research gap.
外泌体是由所有活细胞释放的、具有多种信号分子的膜结合微小颗粒，广泛参与多种正常生理活动和病理过程。在青光眼，外泌体介导的细胞通讯作用在近十年内主要在动物模型和细胞研究中得到揭示。在房水流出系统中，来源于非色素睫状上皮的外泌体以内分泌方式发挥作用，特异性调节小梁网的功能以应对持续的氧化应激挑战。在视网膜中，外泌体介导的小胶质细胞、视网膜神经元、视网膜神经节细胞、视网膜色素上皮和其他免疫效应细胞之间存在更为复杂的调控网络，负责在生理状态下精细调节组织稳态，以及广泛传播神经炎症及其在青光眼发病机制中的随后神经退行性变。越来越多的证据表明，外泌体介导的细胞通讯依赖于许多因素，包括它们携带的特定 cargo（特别是 micro RNA）、浓度、大小和电离势，而这些因素在很大程度上仍不清楚。在本综述中，我们总结了外泌体介导的细胞通讯在青光眼发病机制中的最新研究焦点，以及外泌体治疗青光眼的当前研究进展，并对其当前研究空白进行了深入探讨。
