Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Front Public Health. 2023 Jul 17;11:1195249. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195249. eCollection 2023.
In Spain, differences in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight according to sex and sociodemographic factors have been described at the national level, although current data do not allow to delve into geographical differences for these conditions. The aim was to estimate national and regional prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore difference sources of inequalities in its distribution, as well as its geographical pattern.
ENE-COVID study was a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey with 57,131 participants. Residents in 35,893 households were selected from municipal rolls using a two-stage random sampling stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants (77.0% of contacted individuals) answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, as well as different socioeconomic variables, that allowed estimating crude and standardized prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight.
Crude prevalences of obesity and excess weight were higher in men (obesity: 19.3% vs. 18.0%; excess weight: 63.7% vs. 48.4%), while severe obesity was more prevalent in women (4.5% vs. 5.3%). These prevalences increased with age and disability, and decreased with education, census tract income and municipality size. Differences by educational level, relative census income, nationality or disability were clearly higher among women. Obesity by province ranged 13.3-27.4% in men and 11.4-28.1% in women; excess weight ranged 57.2-76.0% in men and 38.9-59.5% in women. The highest prevalences were located in the southern half of the country and some north-western provinces. Sociodemographic characteristics only explained a small part of the observed geographical variability (25.2% obesity).
Obesity and overweight have a high prevalence in Spain, with notable geographical and sex differences. Socioeconomic inequalities are stronger among women. The observed geographical variability suggests the need to implement regional and local interventions to effectively address this public health problem.
在西班牙，根据性别和社会人口因素，肥胖和超重的流行率已在全国范围内进行了描述，尽管目前的数据无法深入研究这些情况的地域差异。目的是按性别和社会人口特征估计西班牙成年人肥胖和超重的全国和地区流行率，并探讨其分布差异的来源以及地理模式。
ENE-COVID 研究是一项全国性的代表性血清流行病学调查，共有 57131 名参与者。使用两阶段随机抽样，按省份和城市规模分层，从市政名册中选择 35893 户居民作为研究对象（2020 年 4 月至 6 月）。参与者（联系个人的 77.0%）回答了一份问卷，该问卷收集了自我报告的体重和身高以及不同的社会经济变量，这些变量可用于估计成年人肥胖和超重的粗患病率和标准化患病率。
男性肥胖症和超重的粗患病率较高（肥胖症：19.3%比 18.0%；超重：63.7%比 48.4%），而女性严重肥胖症的患病率更高（4.5%比 5.3%）。这些患病率随着年龄和残疾的增加而增加，随着教育、街区收入和城市规模的增加而降低。在女性中，按教育水平、相对街区收入、国籍或残疾划分的差异更为明显。按省份划分，男性的肥胖率为 13.3-27.4%，女性为 11.4-28.1%；男性超重率为 57.2-76.0%，女性为 38.9-59.5%。最高的患病率位于该国的南部和一些西北部省份。社会人口特征仅解释了观察到的地理变异性的一小部分（肥胖症为 25.2%）。
肥胖症和超重在西班牙的患病率很高，存在明显的地域和性别差异。在女性中，社会经济不平等更为严重。观察到的地域变异性表明，需要实施区域和地方干预措施，以有效解决这一公共卫生问题。
