Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Mater Horiz. 2023 Oct 2;10(10):4059-4082. doi: 10.1039/d3mh00265a.
Radiotherapy is a key pillar of solid cancer treatment. Despite a high level of conformal dose deposition, radiotherapy is limited due to co-irradiation of organs at risk and subsequent normal tissue toxicities. Nanotechnology offers an attractive opportunity for increasing the efficacy and safety of cancer radiotherapy. Leveraging the freedom of design and the growing synthetic capabilities of the nanomaterial-community, a variety of engineered nanomaterials have been designed and investigated as radiosensitizers or radioenhancers. While research so far has been primarily focused on gold nanoparticles and other high atomic number materials to increase the absorption cross section of tumor tissue, recent studies are challenging the traditional concept of high- nanoparticle radioenhancers and highlight the importance of catalytic activity. This review provides a concise overview on the knowledge of nanoparticle radioenhancement mechanisms and their quantification. It critically discusses potential radioenhancer candidate materials and general design criteria for different radiation therapy modalities, and concludes with research priorities in order to advance the development of nanomaterials, to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and to increase at the same time the therapeutic window.
放射治疗是实体瘤治疗的重要支柱。尽管能够实现高适形度的剂量沉积，但由于危及器官的共同照射以及随后的正常组织毒性，放射治疗仍受到限制。纳米技术为提高癌症放射治疗的疗效和安全性提供了一个极具吸引力的机会。利用纳米材料社区设计和合成能力的提高，已经设计和研究了多种工程纳米材料作为放射增敏剂或放射增强剂。尽管到目前为止，研究主要集中在金纳米粒子和其他高原子序数材料上，以增加肿瘤组织的吸收截面，但最近的研究正在挑战高纳米粒子放射增强剂的传统概念，并强调了催化活性的重要性。本文综述了纳米粒子放射增强机制及其定量的知识。它批判性地讨论了潜在的放射增强候选材料和不同放射治疗模式的一般设计标准，并总结了研究重点，以推进纳米材料的发展，提高放射治疗的疗效，同时增加治疗窗口。
