State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, 311305, China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2023 Sep 18;52(18):6270-6293. doi: 10.1039/d2cs00865c.
Bio-markers, such as ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins and cells, participate in the construction of living organisms and play important roles in biological processes. It is of great significance to accurately detect these bio-markers for studying their basic functions, the development of molecular diagnosis and to better understand life processes. Solid-state nanochannel-based sensing systems have been demonstrated for the detection of bio-markers, due to their rapid, label-free and high-throughput screening, with high sensitivity and specificity. Generally, studies on solid-state nanochannels have focused on probes on the inner-wall (PIW), ignoring probes on the outer-surface (POS). As a result, the direct detection of cells is difficult to realize by these inner-wall focused nanochannels. Moreover, the sensitivity for detecting ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, peptides and proteins requires further improvement. Recent research has focused on artificial solid-state nanochannels with POS, which have demonstrated the ability to independently regulate ion transport. This design not only contributes to the detection of large analytes, such as cells, but also provides promising opportunities for ultra-high sensitivity detection with a clear mechanism. In this tutorial review, we present an overview of the detection principle used for solid-state nanochannels, inner-wall focused nanochannels and outer-surface focused nanochannels. Furthermore, we discuss the remaining challenges faced by current nanochannel technologies and provide insights into their prospects.
生物标志物，如离子、小分子、核酸、肽、蛋白质和细胞，参与构建生物体，并在生物过程中发挥重要作用。准确检测这些生物标志物对于研究其基本功能、分子诊断的发展以及更好地了解生命过程具有重要意义。基于固态纳米通道的传感系统已被证明可用于生物标志物的检测，因为其具有快速、无标记和高通量筛选的特点，具有高灵敏度和特异性。通常，固态纳米通道的研究集中在内壁（PIW）上的探针，而忽略了外壁（POS）上的探针。因此，这些专注于内壁的纳米通道很难直接检测细胞。此外，检测离子、小分子、核酸、肽和蛋白质的灵敏度还需要进一步提高。最近的研究集中在具有 POS 的人工固态纳米通道上，这些通道已经证明了独立调节离子传输的能力。这种设计不仅有助于对大的分析物，如细胞的检测，而且为具有明确机制的超高灵敏度检测提供了有希望的机会。在本综述中，我们概述了用于固态纳米通道、内壁聚焦纳米通道和外壁聚焦纳米通道的检测原理。此外，我们还讨论了当前纳米通道技术面临的挑战，并对其前景进行了探讨。
