Rotating Disk Electrodes beyond the Levich Approximation: Physics-Informed Neural Networks Reveal and Quantify Edge Effects.

Physics-informed neural networks are used to characterize the mass transport to the rotating disk electrode (RDE), the most widely employed hydrodynamic electrode in electroanalysis. The PINN approach was first quantitatively verified via 1D simulations under the Levich approximation for cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, allowing comparison of the results with finite difference simulations and analytical equations. However, the Levich approximation is only accurate for high Schmidt numbers ( > 1000). The PINN approach allowed consideration of smaller , achieving an analytical level of accuracy (error <0.1%) comparable with independent numerical evaluation and confirming that the errors in the Levich equation can be as high as 3% when = 1000 for rapidly diffusing species in aqueous solution. Entirely novel, the PINNs permit the solution of the 2D diffusion equation under cylindrical geometry incorporating radial diffusion and reveal the rotating disk electrode edge effect as a consequence of the nonuniform accessibility of the disc with greater currents flowing near the extremities. The contribution to the total current is quantified as a function of the rotation speed, disk radius, and analyte diffusion coefficient. The success in extending the theory for the rotating disk electrode beyond the Levich equation shows that PINNs can be an easier and more powerful substitute for conventional methods, both analytical and simulation based.