Foxall Gordon R
Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
School of Business Administration, Reykjavík University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2023 Aug 1;17:1190108. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1190108. eCollection 2023.
Cognitive explanations raise epistemological problems not faced by accounts confined to observable variables. Many explanatory components of cognitive models are unobservable: beliefs, attitudes, and intentions, for instance, must be made empirically available to the researcher in the form of measures of observable behavior from which the latent variables are inferred. The explanatory variables are abstract and theoretical and rely, if they are to enter investigations and explanations, on reasoned agreement on how they can be captured by proxy variables derived from what people say and how they behave. Psychometrics must be founded upon a firm, intersubjective agreement among researchers and users of research on the relationship of behavioral measures to the intentional constructs to which they point and the latent variables they seek to operationalize. Only if these considerations are adequately addressed can we arrive at consistent interpretations of the data. This problem provides the substance of the intentional behaviorist research programme which seeks to provide a rationale for the cognitive explanation. Within this programme, two versions of the Behavioral Perspective Model (BPM), an extensional portrayal of socioeconomic behavior and a corresponding intentional approach, address the task of identifying where intentional explanation becomes necessary and the form it should take. This study explores a third version, based on neurophysiological substrates of consumer choice as a contributor to this task. The nature of "value" is closely related to the rationale for a neurophysiological model of consumer choice. The variables involved are operationally specified and measured with high intersubjective agreement. The intentional model (BPM-I), depicting consumer action in terms of mental processes such as perception, deliberation, and choice, extends the purview of the BPM to new situations and areas of explanation.
认知解释引发了一些仅限于可观察变量的解释所未面临的认识论问题。认知模型的许多解释性成分是不可观察的：例如，信念、态度和意图必须以可观察行为的测量形式呈现给研究者，以便从这些测量中推断出潜在变量。解释变量是抽象的和理论性的，如果要用于调查和解释，就依赖于研究者和研究使用者之间就如何通过源自人们的言语和行为的代理变量来捕捉这些变量达成合理的共识。心理测量学必须建立在研究者和研究使用者之间关于行为测量与它们所指向的意向性结构以及它们试图操作化的潜在变量之间关系的牢固的、主体间的共识基础之上。只有充分考虑这些因素，我们才能对数据得出一致的解释。这个问题构成了意向行为主义研究计划的实质内容，该计划试图为认知解释提供一个理论基础。在这个计划中，行为视角模型（BPM）的两个版本，即社会经济行为的外延描述和相应的意向性方法，解决了确定何时需要意向性解释以及它应采取何种形式的任务。本研究探索了第三个版本，它基于消费者选择的神经生理基础来推动这项任务。“价值”的本质与消费者选择的神经生理模型的理论基础密切相关。所涉及的变量在操作上有明确规定，并以高度的主体间一致性进行测量。意向性模型（BPM-I）根据诸如感知、 deliberation（此处可能拼写有误，推测为“思考”之类的意思）和选择等心理过程来描述消费者行为，将BPM的范围扩展到新的情况和解释领域。
