AK112, a novel PD-1/VEGF bispecific antibody, in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): an open-label, multicenter, phase II trial.

BACKGROUND

Inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) function can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. AK112 is the first-in-class humanized IgG1 bispecific antibody targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and VEGF. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AK112 combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

This open-label, multicenter, phase II clinical trial was conducted in 11 hospitals in China. Eligible participants were adults aged 18-75 years with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, at least one measurable lesion, and an estimated life expectancy of at least 3 months. The participants were categorized into three cohorts based on prior therapy and functional genomic alterations. Patients in cohort 1 were previously untreated advanced NSCLC, had no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene modifications, and received AK112 combined with pemetrexed (500 mg/m) for non-squamous (non-sq)-NSCLC or paclitaxel (175 mg/m) for sq-NSCLC plus carboplatin (area under the curve of 5 mg/mL per min) for four cycles, followed by AK112 with pemetrexed for non-sq-NSCLC and AK112 alone for sq-NSCLC as maintenance therapy. The participants in cohort 2 had advanced NSCLC with EGFR-sensitive mutations, failed previous EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, and received pemetrexed plus AK112 and carboplatin for four cycles, followed by pemetrexed plus AK112 as maintenance therapy. The participants in cohort 3 had advanced NSCLC who failed systemic platinum-based chemotherapy and anti-PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatments and received AK112 plus docetaxel (75 mg/m). Two dosages of AK112 (10 or 20 mg/kg) were examined in each cohort, and the drug was administered intravenously on day 1 of each 3-week treatment cycle. The primary endpoints were the investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR) and safety. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04736823).

FINDINGS

Eighty-three patients were enrolled from February 2021 to August 2022 and received the study treatment. Cohorts 1, 2, and 3 had 44, 19, and 20 patients, respectively. The confirmed ORR was 53.5% (23/43) [95% CI, 36.9-67.1], 68.4% (13/19) [95% CI, 43.4-87.4], and 40.0% (8/20) [95% CI, 19.1-63.9] in cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In cohort 1, the median PFS was not reached, and the 12-month PFS rate was 59.1%. In cohorts 2 and 3, the median PFS were 8.5 [95% CI, 5.5-NE] and 7.5 [95% CI, 2.3-NE] months, and the 12-month PFS rates were 35.5% and 44.5%, respectively. The most common grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events were decreased white blood cell count [7 (8.4%)], neutropenia [5 (6.0%)], thrombocytopenia [2 (2.4%)], anemia [4 (4.8%)], and myelosuppression [2 (2.4%)].

INTERPRETATION

AK112 plus platinum-doublet showed promising antitumor activity and safety not only in first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC patients without driver mutation but also in patients with EGFR-functional mutation who failed previous EGFR-TKI therapy and advanced NSCLC patients who failed prior systemic platinum-based chemotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatments, suggesting a valuable potential new treatment option for this patient population.

FUNDING

Akeso Biopharma, Inc., Zhongshan, China, and National Natural Science Foundation of China.