University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Childs Nerv Syst. 2023 Nov;39(11):3051-3055. doi: 10.1007/s00381-023-06094-w. Epub 2023 Aug 18.
Herein lies a brief historical review of the practice of artificial cranial deformation (ACD) in Tiwanaku, Bolivia, a pre-Columbian archeological ruin once regarded as one of the most powerful pre-Inca regions whose influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile from 600 to 1000 AD. We describe the history, purpose, and implications of ACD from both a neuroanatomical and cultural perspective.
A literature review was conducted through PubMed on the history of artificial cranial deformation in South America, concentrating on the Tiwanaku region. The authors searched all available data with no specific time reference, using the mentioned keywords: ACD, neuroanatomical implications of ACD, cultural and social functions of ACD, Tiwanaku society, and Andean civilization.
Early Andean civilization was hierarchical and stratified. In Tiwanaku, the practice of ACD served to delineate one's social class, caste, lineage, and vocation. This was especially useful for warriors, who distinguished their fellow combatants from insurgents by differences in their cranial structure. ACD was usually conducted within the first few months of an infant's life before morphogenetic features became permanent. Two popular cranial styles-tabular and annular-were achieved by applying various mechanical apparatus and resulted in several cranial shapes (conical, box-like, flattened, etc.). Neuroanatomically, each deformation technique and the duration for which mechanical stress was applied influenced the solidification of cranial bones and shaped the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal bones differently. Cognitive deficits and plagiocephalic defects were recorded in limitation and may have been overlooked as the era's occupational demands were more labor-intensive than knowledge-driven.
In Tiwanaku, the custom of ACD was used to demonstrate group identity, with alterations of the cranial shape corresponding to a particular headdress. ACD was used to distinguish an individual's social identity, separating different groups of society into castes, classes, and slaves (Brain, 1979). The custom has also been used to mark territory and emphasize ethnic differences among groups, with potential cognitive implications that were largely unrecorded.
本文简要回顾了玻利维亚提瓦纳库（Tiwanaku）人工颅骨变形（ACD）的实践历史。这是一个前哥伦布时期的考古遗址，曾被认为是最强大的前印加地区之一，其影响力从公元 600 年到 1000 年延伸到今天的秘鲁和智利。我们从神经解剖学和文化的角度描述了 ACD 的历史、目的和意义。
通过 PubMed 对南美洲人工颅骨变形的历史进行了文献回顾，重点关注提瓦纳库地区。作者使用上述关键词搜索了所有可用的数据，没有特定的时间参考：ACD、ACD 对神经解剖学的影响、ACD 的文化和社会功能、提瓦纳库社会和安第斯文明。
早期的安第斯文明是分层的。在提瓦纳库，ACD 的实践是为了区分一个人的社会阶层、种姓、血统和职业。这对于战士来说尤其有用，因为他们可以通过颅骨结构的差异来区分自己的战友和叛乱分子。ACD 通常在婴儿生命的头几个月内进行，在此之前，形态发生特征不会永久化。两种流行的颅骨样式——平板形和环形——是通过应用各种机械装置来实现的，导致了几种颅骨形状（锥形、箱形、扁平形等）。神经解剖学上，每种变形技术和机械应力施加的时间都会影响颅骨的固化，并使额骨、枕骨、顶骨和颞骨的形状不同。认知缺陷和斜头畸形的记录在当时被忽视了，因为那个时代的职业需求更倾向于体力劳动，而不是知识驱动。
在提瓦纳库，ACD 的习俗是用来展示群体身份的，颅骨形状的改变对应于特定的头饰。ACD 用于区分个体的社会身份，将社会的不同群体分为种姓、阶级和奴隶（Brain，1979）。这种习俗也被用来标记领土，并强调群体之间的种族差异，这可能具有很大的认知意义，但在当时并没有被记录下来。
